many shades of yellow- week 2

Question 1

things that make things turn yellow

Answer 1

bilirubin
carotenoid pigments
lipids

Question 2

bilirubin is derived from the breakdown of _____

Answer 2

hemoglobin

Question 3

when _______ break down, bilirubin binds to ______ in blood

Answer 3

RBC
albumin

Question 4

where is bilirubin transported to when it binds to albumin

Answer 4

liver

Question 5

albumin-bound bilirubin is

Answer 5

unconjugated

Question 6

hepatocytes conjugate bilirubin with ______ and then it is considered_______

Answer 6

glucuronic acid
conjugated

Question 7

where is conjugated bilirubin secreted

Answer 7

into bile and enters duodenum

Question 8

processes that alter normal bilirubin flow can cause _______ and lead to ______

Answer 8

increased bilirubin in blood
icterus/jaundice

Question 9

what does hyperbilirubinemia lead to grossly?

Answer 9

turns tissues yellow

Question 10

what tissues is hyperbilirubinemia most evident in?

Answer 10

mucous membranes and skin

Question 11

hyperbilirubinemia indicates a disruption of metabolism of bilirubin: (3)

Answer 11

1. excessive production (inc rate of hemolysis)
2. impaired uptake by hepatocytes (liver disease)
3. impaired excretion (biliary obstruction: intrahepatic/extrahepatic cholestasis)

Question 12

carotenoids is most evident in ______

Answer 12

herbivores

Question 13

why does deposition of carotenoid pigments occur

Answer 13

because plants that are eaten contain fat soluble proteins

Question 14

examples of fat soluble proteins

Answer 14

vit A and beta carotene

Question 15

where is deposition of carotenoid pigments most evident in?

Answer 15

fat

Question 16

excessive lipids can accumulate in cells due to _______ or _____

Answer 16

metabolic disturbances or cellular stress

Question 17

2 major types of lipids

Answer 17

triglycerides and cholesterol

Question 18

lipidosis

Answer 18

abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in cells

Question 19

where is lipidosis most often seen

Answer 19

in liver

Question 20

lipids are delivered to liver from _____ as ____ or as _________

Answer 20

intestines
chylomicrons
non-esterified free fatty acids

Question 21

hepatocytes can synthesize fatty acids from _____

Answer 21

glucose

Question 22

fatty acids are _____ in hepatocytes and moved to ______ where they are converted to _____

Answer 22

oxidized
mitochondria
triglycerides

Question 23

triglycerides are processed into ______ and secreted via ______

Answer 23

lipoproteins
low density lipoproteins

Question 24

gross appearance of lipidosis

Answer 24

pale, yellow, enlarged and may float

Question 25

histological appearance of lipidosis

Answer 25

cytoplasmic vacuoles present
displace nucleus to periphery
cells are enlarged

Question 26

4 mechanisms by which lipid accumulates into liver

Answer 26

1. excessive delivery of lipids to liver
2. mitochondrial dysfunction leading to decreased oxidation
3. decreased synthesis of apoproteins that are needed to transport lipids
4. decreased secretion of lipoproteins

Question 27

what stain do you use to prove that the liver contains lipid?

Answer 27

oil red o