Week 2 - Cerebrum, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

Question 1

Gyri are ________

They are also known as _______

Answer 1

folds of the cerebral cortex

convolutions

Question 2

The cerebral cortex is _________

Answer 2

a region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum

Question 3

Fissures are _________

Answer 3

the deepest grooves between folds

Question 4

Sulci are ________

Answer 4

shallower grooves between folds

Question 5

The most prominent fissure __________ separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called _______. It is also known as the _______

Answer 5

longitudinal fissure
cerebral hemispheres
sagittal fissure

Question 6

The cerebral hemispheres are connected internally by the _________

Answer 6

corpus callosum

Question 7

The corpus callosum is _________

Answer 7

a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

List the lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 8

Frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lob

Question 9

The ________ separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Answer 9

central sulcus

Question 10

List two major gyrii and their functions

Answer 10

precentral gyrus - primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

postcentral gyrus - primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

Question 11

The __________ separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

Answer 11

lateral cerebral sulcus (fissure)

Question 12

The _________ separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

Answer 12

parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 13

The insula is located _________

Answer 13

within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal, frontal and temporal lobes

Question 14

The _________ consists primarily of myelinated axons in three types of tracts. List the three tracts

Answer 14

cerebral white matter
association tracts
commissural tracts
projection tracts

Question 15

Association tracts contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between _________

Answer 15

gyri in the same hemisphere

Question 16

Commissural tracts contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from _________

Answer 16

gyri in one cerebal hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere

Question 17

Three important groups of commissural tracts are _____

Answer 17

corpus callosum
anterior commissure
posterior commissure

Question 18

Projection tracts contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from ___________

Answer 18

the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or vice versa

Question 19

The internal capsule is a type of ________. It contains a thick band of _____ matter that contains both _________ axons

Answer 19

projection tract
white
ascending and descending

Question 20

The brainstem consist of ________

Answer 20

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

Question 21

The diencephalon consists of __________

Answer 21

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

Question 22

The occipital lobe of the cerebrum interprets ________

Answer 22

visual stimuli

Question 23

The cerebrum is known as the _______

Answer 23

seat of intelligence

Question 24

What are the three nuclei of the basal ganglia?

Answer 24

globus pallidus
putamen
caudate nucleus

Question 25

Major functions of the basal ganglia are ______

Answer 25

help initiate and terminate movements of the body control of subconscious contractions of skeletal muscle initiation/termination of some cognitive processes (attention, memory, planning, emotional behavior)

Question 26

The major components of the limbic system are _____

Answer 26

``` Hippocampus anterior nucleus of thalamus mammillary body in hypothalamus dentate gyrus amygdala ```

Question 27

The limbic system plays a primary role in ______

Answer 27

interpreting and expressing emotions, olfaction, memory

Question 28

The primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is located _______

Answer 28

directly posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe

Question 29

The function of the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex is _______

Answer 29

to receive all sensory impulses from the body except for special senses - touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, pain

Question 30

The primary auditory area of the cerbral cortex is located _____

Answer 30

in the superior part of the temporal lobe near the lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 31

The function of the primary auditory area is _____

Answer 31

to receive information for sound and auditory perception

Question 32

The primary gustatory area of the cerebral cortex is located _______

Answer 32

at the base of the postcentral gyrus superior to the lateral cerebral sulcus in the parietal cortex

Question 33

The function of the primary gustatory area is _______

Answer 33

to receive and interpret taste sensations

Question 34

The primary motor area of the cerebral cortex is located ______

Answer 34

in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Question 35

The function of the primary motor area is ______

Answer 35

to administer commands to skeletal muscle for conscious movement

Question 36

Rostrum refers to ____ while caudum refers to ______

Answer 36

beak | tail

Question 37

Describe hemispheric lateralization

Answer 37

each hemisphere specializes in performing certain unique functions left hemisphere - reasoning, numerical & scientific skills, spoken & written language right hemisphere - musical & artistic awareness, spatial and pattern perception, recognition of faces and emotional content of language, discrimination of different smells

Question 38

Which type of brain wave indicates emotional stress?

Answer 38

Theta waves

Question 39

Beta waves appear when ________

Answer 39

the nervous system is active - during periods of sensory input and mental activity

Question 40

When do Delta waves occur?

Answer 40

During deep sleep in adults | Awake infants

Question 41

When do Alpha waves disappear?

Answer 41

During sleep

Question 42

The premotor area of the cerebral cortex is located _____

Answer 42

anterior to the primary motor area

Question 43

The function of the premotor area of the cerebral cortex is _______

Answer 43

to refine impulses administered by the primary motor area, deals w/ learned motor activities of a complex sequential nature

Question 44

The frontal eye field area of the cerebral cortex is located ______

Answer 44

anterior to the premotor area

Question 45

The function of the frontal eye field area of the cerebral cortex is ______

Answer 45

coordinate movement of the eyes w/ movement of the body, control voluntary scanning movements of the eyes

Question 46

The auditory association area of the cerebral cortex is located _____

Answer 46

inferior and posterior to primary auditory area

Question 47

The function of the auditory association area of the cerebral cortex is ______

Answer 47

to interpret auditory impulses

Question 48

Broca's speech area is located _______

Answer 48

in frontal lobe near lateral cerebral sulcus

Question 49

The function of Broca's speech area is _____

Answer 49

motor area of speech

Question 50

Wernicke's area is located _______

Answer 50

in left temporal and parietal lobes (broad region)

Question 51

The function of Wernicke's area is ________

Answer 51

interpreting the meaning of speech

Question 52

What important functional part of the basal ganglia is situated within the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?

Answer 52

substantia nigra

Question 53

What is the major functional significance of substantia nigra?

Answer 53

Helps control subconscious muscle activities

Question 54

An injury to Broca's area results in what type of aphasia?

Answer 54

Broca's/motor/non-fluent aphasia - patient knows what to say but cannot speak

Question 55

An injury to Wernicke's area results in what type of aphasia?

Answer 55

Wernicke's/perception/sensory/fluent aphasia - patient can speak but produces words w/o meaning

Question 56

Describe "Homonculus" in terms of what body parts are controlled by what part of the brain/cerebrum

Answer 56

Cerebral top - most medial - extremities from waste down - more lateral - extremities from waste up Lateral to cerebral top - hand and fingers Most lateral - head and neck

Question 57

The three main parts of the brain stem from rostral to caudal directions are ____

Answer 57

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Question 58

What structure divides the brainstem into anterior and posterior parts?

Answer 58

cerebral aqueduct

Question 59

The upper or most rostral brainstem part is the ______. | Anterior part of this structure is represented by two round columns, supporting the cerebrum called ______

Answer 59

midrain | cerebral peduncles

Question 60

What structures may one find within the transverse section of the midbrain?

Answer 60

reticular foramen superior colliculi inferior colliculi substantia nigra

Question 61

The posterior part of the midbrain is comprised of what two bulges? What are their functions?

Answer 61

superior colliculi - reflex center of vision (eye tracking), adjustment of pupil size, lens shape, reflexes of head, eye, neck inferior colliculi - relays auditory impulses, startle reflex

Question 62

What cranial nerves originate within the midbrain and what are their corresponding functions?

Answer 62

``` CN III (Occulomotor) - controls all extra-cellular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique CN IV (Trochlear) - controls superior oblique eye muscle ```

Question 63

Putamen controls _____

Answer 63

Automatic movements of the body

Question 64

Caudate nucleus controls ______

Answer 64

Automatic eye movement adjustments

Question 65

Function of the globus pallidus is _____

Answer 65

To regulate muscle tone for specific body movements