Week 11 - Special Senses Flashcards
Olfaction begins in the __________
nasal conchae
The nose contains ______ million receptors for olfaction, contained within an area called the _________
10-100
olfactory epithelium
The olfactory epithelium consists of ________
olfactory receptors
supporting cells
basal cells
Olfactory receptors are the _______ neurons of the olfactory pathway
first order
The parts of the olfactory receptors that respond to inhaled chemicals are ______. Chemicals that stimulate olfaction are called ________
olfactory hairs
odorants
Supporting cells in the olfactory epithelium function to ________
provide physical support, nourishment, electrical insulation, detoxify chemicals that come in contact w/ olfactory epithelium
Basal cells of the olfactory epithelium are ____ cells and function to __________
stem
produce new olfactory receptors to replace old ones
Within the connective tisuse that supports the olfactory epithelium are _______ glands which produce _______
olfactory (Bowman’s)
mucus
Both supporting cells of the nasal epithelium and olfactory glands are innervated by branches of the _______ nerve
facial (CN VII)
Complete insensitivity to certain strong odors occurs about ________ after exposure
1 minute
Binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein activates a _______ and _______, resulting in the production of _______, which opens _________ and leads to depolarization.
G protein
adenylate cyclase
cAMP
sodium channels
A taste bud consists of three kinds of epithelial cell: _______
supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, basal cells
Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called _____
papillae
The cranial nerves containing axons of the first order gustatory neurons that innervate the taste buds are ______
CN VII, CN IX, CN X
The gustatory nucleus is located in the _________
medulla oblongata
Visible light as a wavelength range of _______
400-700nm
The space between the upper and lower eyelids that exposes the eyeball is the ________. Its angles are known as the ______ and
palpebral fissure
lateral commisure
medial commisure
In the medial commisure is a small, reddish elevation known as the _______ which contains __________
lacrimal caruncle
sebaceous glands
sudoriferous glands
List components of lacrimal apparatus in sequential order of flow of tears
lacrimal glands execretory lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal canals lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct
The lacrimal glands are supplied by ___________ fibers of the _______ nerve
parasympathetic
facial (CN VII)
The ______ is a transparent coat that covers the colored iris
cornea
The ______ is the “white” of the eye and is a layer of ______ made up of ______
sclera
dense connective tissue
collagen fibers & fibroblasts
At the junction of the sclera and cornea is an opening known as the ______. ______ drains into this sinus.
scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
Aqueous humor
The middle layer of the eyeball is the ______ and is composed of _______
uvea/vascular tunic
choroid, ciliary body, iris
The function of the choroid is _______
provide nutrients to posterior surface of retina
contain melanocytes which secrete melanin to absorb stray light
A principal function of the iris is to ___________
regulate the amount of light intering the eyeball through the pupil
The optic nerve exits the eyeball at the ______. It is also called the ______
optic disc
blind spot
Bundled with the optic nerve are the ________ and __________
central retinal artery
central vein
List the types of photoreceptors and what they sense
Rods - dim light/black & white vision
Cones - brighter light/color vision
The _____ is in the exact center of the posterior portion of the retina.
macula lutea
The ________ , a small depression in the center of the macula lutea, is the area of highest ________
fovea centralis
visual acuity
The large posterior cavity of the eyeball is the ________, which lies between the lens and the retina and contain the _________, which gives shape to the eye
vitreous chamber
vitreous body
What nervous system division is responsible for the special senses?
somatic nervous system
The choroid and retina are attached by the ________, its function being ___________
pigmented layer
absorbs extra light via melanosomes to provide contrast in vision
In the retina, ______ and ______ cells inhibit nearby photoreceptors
horizontal
amacrine
Retinal bipolar cells function to ______________
relay sensory information from rods and cones to ganglion cells
Glaucoma is ____________
increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve
The function of the ciliary body is _______
secretion of aqueous fluid by filtering blood plasma
What neurons of the retina contribute axons into the bundle of the optic nerve?
Ganglion cells
What neurons of the retina absorb the light?
Photoreceptors
A cataract is ___________
a clouding of the lens inside the eye which leads to a decrease in vision
In a nearsighted or _______ eye, the plane of focus is located __________
myopic
in front of the retina
In a farsighted or _______ eye, the plane of focus is located __________
hyperopic
behind the retina
Myopic vision is corrected with a _____ lens
concave
Hyperopic vision is corrected with a ______ lens
convex
Papilledema is _________
optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure
Presbyopia is __________
progressively diminished ability to focus on near objects
Glaucoma is ________
damage to the optic nerve as a result of intraocular pressure
