Week 2 - Cell Structure & Function

Question 1

cytoplasm

Answer 1

all the material between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 2

organelles

Answer 2

specialized closed structures within the cell with a specific function

Question 3

plasma membrane

Answer 3

composed of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids; surrounds the cell and regulates what goes in and out

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

structure inside the cell that contains all the information that regulates cell activity

Question 5

chromatin

Answer 5

genetic material, can condense into chromosomes

Question 6

nucleolus

Answer 6

dense region that makes ribosomes

Question 7

nuclear envelope

Answer 7

a double membrane

Question 8

vesicles

Answer 8

membrane-bound sacs that contain various molecules; acts as storage, importing or exporting different types of molecules

Question 9

ribosomes

Answer 9

molecular “machines” that synthesize proteins; those attached to the rough ER are called bound ribosomes; those that are free-floating in the cytosol are called free ribosomes

Question 10

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

a series of interconnected tubes and membranes that are continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus

Question 11

rough ER

Answer 11

synthesis and transport of proteins to the golgi apparatus (mainly secretory proteins); contain ribosomes

Question 12

smooth ER

Answer 12

synthesis and transport of lipids; drug detoxification

Question 13

golgi apparatus

Answer 13

a stack of flattened membranous sacs which accepts, modifies, packages and ships protein products from the rough ER to various parts of the cell or out of the cell; transport of proteins is done in vesicles

Question 14

lysosomes

Answer 14

contains enzymes that are involved in the digestion and breakdown of bacteria and old organelles

Question 15

mitochondria

Answer 15

the site of energy production in the form of ATP

Question 16

metabolism

Answer 16

sum of all chemical reactions

Question 17

anabolic reactions

Answer 17

chemical reactions that build up; requires

Question 18

catabolic reactions

Answer 18

chemical reactions that break large complex molecules to small building blocks; releases energy

Question 19

phospholipids

Answer 19

form a bilayer where the polar heads face outwards towards extracellular environment and intracellular environment, nonpolar tails face each other

Question 20

integral proteins

Answer 20

functions to transport specific molecules across the membrane

Question 21

cholesterol

Answer 21

influence the fluidity of the membrane

Question 22

glycoproteins/glycolipids

Answer 22

communication between cells

Question 23

selectively permeable

Answer 23

some molecules can easily pass through, others cannot – depends on size and chemical properties

Question 24

solvent

Answer 24

always water; material in which solutes are dissolved into

Question 25

molecules moving down a concentration gradient...

Answer 25

are going from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Question 26

molecules moving against a concentration gradient...

Answer 26

are going from an area of low concentration to high concentration

Question 27

simple diffusion

Answer 27

passive movement of solute molecules from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration; no energy required; molecules such as O2, CO2, fatty acids

Question 28

facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

movement of molecules down a concentration gradient using a transport protein; no energy required; used in the cell to transport glucose, sodium ions, potassium ions

Question 29

osmosis

Answer 29

movement of water -movement is from the side with low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 30

RBC in isotonic solution

Answer 30

no change in net difference

Question 31

RBC in hypotonic solution

Answer 31

hemolysis (swell)

Question 32

RBC in hypertonic solution

Answer 32

crenation (shrink)

Question 33

active transport

Answer 33

movement of molecules across a membrane with the use of cellular energy (ATP); molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient; transport protein is required

Question 34

example of active transport: Na+/K+ pump

Answer 34

sodium is maintained at high levels outside of cells, potassium at high levels inside cells

Question 35

phagocytosis

Answer 35

type of endocytosis; an active process by with a cell can take in large pieces of solid material; important for destroying pathogens; done by specialized cells

Question 36

pinocytosis

Answer 36

type of endocytosis; small molecules or droplets of fluid are taken up by the cell; done by most cells to uptake fluid and nutrients

Question 37

exocytosis

Answer 37

reverse of endocytosis; molecules contained in vesicles in the cell are pushed out of the cell; controlled process to release molecules