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Anatomy > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mesodermal layer of gut form from?

A

Splanchnic/visceral mesoderm

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2
Q

What mesodermal layer line the body cavity?

A

Somatic/parietal mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the septum transversum and its function? What becomes of it? (2)

A
  • Mesodermal layer that splits the coelom (intraembryonic cavity) into thoracic and abdominal cavity.
  • Develops into part of diaphragm.
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4
Q

What is the allantois and its function? What becomes of it? (3)

A
  • Endodermal layer surrounded by blood vessels (becomes umbilical arteries and veins)
  • Helps with gas exchange and excretion
  • Becomes urachus (connects fetal bladder to yolk sac)
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5
Q

Describe the process of stomach development. (3)

A
  • More growth at dorsal side (less at ventral side) resulting in larger curvature of stomach.
  • Rotates 90 degrees result in dorsal end going to left and ventral end going to right.
  • Rotation around dorsal-ventral axis bends duodenum into c-shape.
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6
Q

Describe the process of lung development and which germ layer gives rise to it.

A
  • Endodermal cells thickens, cells proliferate to form buds which continues to lengthens and then bifurcation occurs.
  • Bifurcation is when the buds form branches.
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7
Q

What does the foregut consists of and what are its derivatives? (4) (6)

A
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Proximal duodenum
  • Derivatives (thyroid, parathyroid, lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancreas)
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8
Q

What does the midgut consists of?

A
  • Distal duodenum, half of colon
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9
Q

What does the hindgut consists of and what is its derivative? (2)

A
  • Other half of colon to anus

- Urinary bladder

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10
Q

Which cells are head structures derived from?

A
  • Neural crest cells (ectodermal)
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11
Q

What are pharyngeal arches and what cells is it made of? (3)

A
  • Outer coverings of ectoderm.
  • Mesenchymal core derived from mesoderm and neural crest cells
  • Each pharyngeal arch contains central cartilaginous skeletal element, striated muscle rudiment, arch specific cranial nerve, aortic arch artery.
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12
Q

What is the pharyngeal cleft covered by?

A
  • Ectoderm
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13
Q

What is the pharyngeal pouch covered by?

A
  • Endoderm
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14
Q

What cells are central cartilaginous skeletal element derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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15
Q

What cells are striated muscle rudiment derived from?

A

Head mesoderm

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16
Q

What cells are aortic arch artery derived from?

A

Endothelial cells derived from mesoderm

17
Q

What are primordial germ cells and how are they separated? (4)

A
  • Precursors of sperm and egg, separated early in development (blastocyst) by inductive signalling from surrounding cells.
  • Specified at base of allantois (not within gonads)
  • Moves towards intermediate mesoderm where gonads are formed in the embryo.
  • Migration along hindgut, through dorsal mesentery, split up to coalesce with left and right genital ridges and then stop migrating.
18
Q

What are the major parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
19
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Pineal gland (part of epithalamus)
20
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons (bridge)
  • Medulla oblongata
21
Q

What constitutes the meninges?

A
  • Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
22
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space and what is it filled with?

A
  • Between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

- Filled with CSF

23
Q

What are the 3 dura folds?

A
  • Falx cerebri
  • Tentorium cerebelli
  • Falx cerebelli
24
Q

What is CSF and what is it produced by?

A
  • Cerebral spinal fluid is filtrate from blood produced by choroid plexus (vascular tissue/capillary) in the ventricular system and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villus.
25
Q

What are the major lobes of the brain?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
26
Q

What cells produce myelin? Which belong to the CNS and which belong to the PNS?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS) are glial cells that produce myelin.
27
Q

What 5 parts is the spinal cord split into?

A
  • Cervical nerves
  • Thoracic nerves
  • Lumbar nerves
  • Sacral nerves
  • Coccygeal nerves
28
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves and spinal nerves do humans have?

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves

- 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Anatomy (10 decks)

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