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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones make up the pelvis?

A
  • hip bone, sacrum and coccyx
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2
Q

Which bones make up the hip bone?

A
  • Ilium superiorly
  • Ischium posteriorly
  • pubis anteroinferiorly
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3
Q

What are the joints in the pelvic girdle and what type of joints are they?

A
  • Sacroiliac joint is a synovial plan joint

- Pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint

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4
Q

What are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint?

A
  • Interosseous, sacrospinous, sacrotuberous
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5
Q

What type of bone is the patella and what is its function?

A
  • sesamoid bone

- leverage for knee extensors

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6
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint and what ligaments reinforces it?

A
  • Ball and socket joint
  • Iliofemoral ligament
  • Pubofemoral ligament
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7
Q

What is a common fracture site on the femur and what can it lead to?

A
  • Neck of femur where vessels anastomose

- Can lead to avascular necrosis of femoral head

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8
Q

What direction of hip joint dislocation is most common? How does it happen and what results from it?

A
  • Posterior dislocation where the femoral head is forced posteriorly and tears through the joint capsule where it is weakest (joint capsule unwinds in flexion)
  • The sciatic nerve is at risk of being injured
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9
Q

What type of ones are tibia and fibula?

A

Long bones

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10
Q

What 2 joints make up the knee joint and what type of joint is the knee joint?

A
  • Patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint (synovial joint)
  • Hinge joint
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11
Q

What is the menisci of the knee joint made of?

A
  • fibrocartilage
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12
Q

What ligaments are involved in the knee joint?

A
  • Cruciate ligament (posterior and anterior)

- Collateral ligament (medial and lateral

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13
Q

What is the function of the cruciate ligament?

A
  • anterior cruciate ligament keeps tibia from slipping forawards
  • posterior cruciate ligament keeps tibia from slipping backwards
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14
Q

Describe the lateral collateral ligament and its attachments.

A
  • Rounded and more narrow
  • Attaches to head of fibula
  • separated form joint capsule
  • resist varus stress
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15
Q

Describe the medial collateral ligament and its attachments.

A
  • Flat and broad
  • Adheres to joint capsule and medial meniscus
  • resist valgus stress
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16
Q

What are some common injuries of the knee joint?

A
  • patellar dislocation (laterally)

- the unhappy triad (injury to anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus

17
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?

A
  • Plane synovial joint (superior)

- Fibrous joint (inferior, syndesmosis)

18
Q

What type of joint is the talocrural/ankle joint?

A
  • Hinge type synovial joint
19
Q

What collateral ligaments support the ankle joint?

A
  • medial collateral ligament (very strong) and lateral ligament (not as strong)
20
Q

Which ligament is commonly injured in an inversion sprain?

A
  • lateral ligament
21
Q

What are the key bones of the foot?

A
  • Talus and calcaneus
22
Q

What joints are in the foot?

A
  • subtalar joint (inversion and eversion)
  • midtarsal joint
  • intertarsal joint
  • tarsomeratarsal joint
  • metatarsophalangeal joint
  • interphalangeal joints
23
Q

What are the anterior muscles of the pelvic girdle and where are they attached?

A
  • Iliopsoas muscles: iliacus, psoas major

- Lesser trochanter

24
Q

What are the posterior/lateral muscles of the pelvic girdle?

A
  • Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

- Rotator muscles: piriformis (landmark muscle), obturato internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris

25
Q

What are the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?

A
  • Sartorius, quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius)
  • Greater trochanter
26
Q

What muscle maintains normal alignment of patella?

A
  • vastus medialis obliquus
27
Q

What are the posterior compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?

A
  • Hamstring muscles: (semimembranosus muscles, semitendinosus muscles -medially located), long head of biceps femoris (laterally located)
  • Ischial tuberosity
28
Q

What are the medial compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?

A
  • Adductor muscles: adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus
  • Pubic ramus
29
Q

Where is a common source of groin pain and pathology?

A
  • The adductor muscle group (mainly adductor longus) at the bony attachment (osteitis pubis)
30
Q

What are the anterior compartment muscles of the lef?

A
  • Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
31
Q

What results from the overuse of anterior compartment muscles of leg?

A
  • shin splinters
32
Q

What is compartment syndrome (anterior compartment of leg)?

A
  • If swelling occurs, neurovascular structures are susceptible to compression
33
Q

What are the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

A
  • Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
34
Q

What injury is associated with the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?

A
  • ankle sprains
35
Q

What are the posterior compartment muscles in the leg?

A
  • Superficial: gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus

- Deep: tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

36
Q

What is the clinical significance associated with the superficial layer of the posterior compartment muscles in the leg?

A
  • Calf strain (mainly gastrocnemius)
  • venous return
  • achilles tendinitis
37
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A
  • Plantar muscles: hallucis muscles, digiti minimi muscles, central muscles

Anatomy (10 decks)

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