Lower Limb Flashcards
Which bones make up the pelvis?
- hip bone, sacrum and coccyx
Which bones make up the hip bone?
- Ilium superiorly
- Ischium posteriorly
- pubis anteroinferiorly
What are the joints in the pelvic girdle and what type of joints are they?
- Sacroiliac joint is a synovial plan joint
- Pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint
What are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint?
- Interosseous, sacrospinous, sacrotuberous
What type of bone is the patella and what is its function?
- sesamoid bone
- leverage for knee extensors
What type of joint is the hip joint and what ligaments reinforces it?
- Ball and socket joint
- Iliofemoral ligament
- Pubofemoral ligament
What is a common fracture site on the femur and what can it lead to?
- Neck of femur where vessels anastomose
- Can lead to avascular necrosis of femoral head
What direction of hip joint dislocation is most common? How does it happen and what results from it?
- Posterior dislocation where the femoral head is forced posteriorly and tears through the joint capsule where it is weakest (joint capsule unwinds in flexion)
- The sciatic nerve is at risk of being injured
What type of ones are tibia and fibula?
Long bones
What 2 joints make up the knee joint and what type of joint is the knee joint?
- Patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint (synovial joint)
- Hinge joint
What is the menisci of the knee joint made of?
- fibrocartilage
What ligaments are involved in the knee joint?
- Cruciate ligament (posterior and anterior)
- Collateral ligament (medial and lateral
What is the function of the cruciate ligament?
- anterior cruciate ligament keeps tibia from slipping forawards
- posterior cruciate ligament keeps tibia from slipping backwards
Describe the lateral collateral ligament and its attachments.
- Rounded and more narrow
- Attaches to head of fibula
- separated form joint capsule
- resist varus stress
Describe the medial collateral ligament and its attachments.
- Flat and broad
- Adheres to joint capsule and medial meniscus
- resist valgus stress
What are some common injuries of the knee joint?
- patellar dislocation (laterally)
- the unhappy triad (injury to anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus
What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?
- Plane synovial joint (superior)
- Fibrous joint (inferior, syndesmosis)
What type of joint is the talocrural/ankle joint?
- Hinge type synovial joint
What collateral ligaments support the ankle joint?
- medial collateral ligament (very strong) and lateral ligament (not as strong)
Which ligament is commonly injured in an inversion sprain?
- lateral ligament
What are the key bones of the foot?
- Talus and calcaneus
What joints are in the foot?
- subtalar joint (inversion and eversion)
- midtarsal joint
- intertarsal joint
- tarsomeratarsal joint
- metatarsophalangeal joint
- interphalangeal joints
What are the anterior muscles of the pelvic girdle and where are they attached?
- Iliopsoas muscles: iliacus, psoas major
- Lesser trochanter
What are the posterior/lateral muscles of the pelvic girdle?
- Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
- Rotator muscles: piriformis (landmark muscle), obturato internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris
What are the anterior compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?
- Sartorius, quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius)
- Greater trochanter
What muscle maintains normal alignment of patella?
- vastus medialis obliquus
What are the posterior compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?
- Hamstring muscles: (semimembranosus muscles, semitendinosus muscles -medially located), long head of biceps femoris (laterally located)
- Ischial tuberosity
What are the medial compartment muscles of the thigh and where do they attach?
- Adductor muscles: adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus
- Pubic ramus
Where is a common source of groin pain and pathology?
- The adductor muscle group (mainly adductor longus) at the bony attachment (osteitis pubis)
What are the anterior compartment muscles of the lef?
- Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
What results from the overuse of anterior compartment muscles of leg?
- shin splinters
What is compartment syndrome (anterior compartment of leg)?
- If swelling occurs, neurovascular structures are susceptible to compression
What are the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?
- Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis
What injury is associated with the lateral compartment muscles of the leg?
- ankle sprains
What are the posterior compartment muscles in the leg?
- Superficial: gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
- Deep: tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
What is the clinical significance associated with the superficial layer of the posterior compartment muscles in the leg?
- Calf strain (mainly gastrocnemius)
- venous return
- achilles tendinitis
What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
- Plantar muscles: hallucis muscles, digiti minimi muscles, central muscles
