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BMS1042 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

differential bias

A

when there are errors in the exposure measurement that influence the event of interest

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2
Q

nondifferential bias

A

errors in the measurement of exposure are proportionally the same in all groups of interest

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3
Q

Clinical outcomes

A

measure treatment efficacy

represent professional or provider perspective

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4
Q

Economic outcomes

A

measure health-resource utilisation

represent societal perspective

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5
Q

Humanistic outcomes

A

measure impact of the disease and treatment
represent patient’s perspective
HRQoL

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6
Q

HRQoL

A

health related quality of life

individuals impact of disease and treatment, specifically the capacity to perform ADLs

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7
Q

mortality rate

A

incidence rate of fatal cases/total population at risk

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8
Q

crude death rate

A

number of deaths/number of persons at risk of dying

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9
Q

age-specific death rate

A

death rate for specific group of population

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10
Q

proportionate mortality

A

number of deaths from a given cause, per 100 or 1000 total deaths

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11
Q

infant mortality

A

rate of death in children during the first year of life

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12
Q

life expectancy

A

average number of years an individual of given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue

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13
Q

age-standardised death rate

A

summary measure of death rate that a population would have if it had a standard age structure

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14
Q

cumulative incidence

A

number of new events in a specific period/number of people exposed to risk

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15
Q

prevalence

A

number of people with disease or condition at specified time/number of people in the population at risk at the specified time

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16
Q

acute

A

incidence

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17
Q

chronic

A

prevalence

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18
Q

case fatality

A

number of deaths from diagnosed cases in a given period/number of diagnosed cases of the disease in the same period x 100

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19
Q

person years

A

an estimate of the actual time at risk in years of all persons that contributed to the study

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20
Q

DALY

A

years of life lost (YLL) + years lost to disability (YLD)

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21
Q

YLL

A

number of deaths (N) x standard life expectancy at age of death in years (L)

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22
Q

YLD

A

number of incident cases (I) x disability weight (DW) x average duration of the case until remission of death (L)

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23
Q

Cumulative incidence

A

number of new events in a specified period / number of persons exposed to risk during this period

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24
Q

incidence rate

A

new cases in a defined period / total person years of disease in these people

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25
Q

prevalence

A

number of people with disease or condition at specified time / number of people in the population at risk of the specified time

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26
Q

RR used for

A

prospective studies: RCTs, cohort studies, cross sectional studies

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27
Q

RR

A 
ratio of the probability of an event occurring in an exposed group to the probability of an event occurring in a unexposed group 
cumulative incidence (absolute risk) exposed / cumulative incidence (absolute risk) unexposed
28
Q

RR=1

A

no difference in risk

29
Q

RR>1

A

increased risk of that outcome in the exposed group

30
Q

RR<1

A

reduced risk in the exposed group

31
Q

AR aka

A

risk difference

32
Q

AR

A

cumulative incidence exposed - cumulative incidence unexposed

33
Q

ARP

A

(risk in exposed group- risk in unexposed group) / risk in exposed group x 100

34
Q

PAR

A

incidence in general population - incidence in unexposed group

35
Q

PAR%

A

(incidence in general population - incidence in unexposed group) / incidence in general population x 100

36
Q

OR

A

retrospective studies: case control

ad/bc

37
Q

HR

A

Hazard in the intervention group / hazard in the control group

38
Q

HR=1

A

same amount of individuals experience the event in the intervention and control group

39
Q

HR=2

A

two times the number of individuals in the intervention group are experiencing the event compared to the control group

40
Q

HR=0.5

A

Half the number of individuals in the intervention group are experiencing the event compared to the control group

41
Q

morbidity rate

A

incidence rate of nonfatal cases of a disease in the total population at risk during a specified time period
measured by DALY

42
Q

point prevalence

A

prevalence literally at one point in time (e.g. right now)

43
Q

period prevalence

A

prevalence measured over a (short) period of time (e.g. over the last year)

44
Q

incidence

A

new cases in a defined period/ total person time (person years) of follow up

45
Q

Converting RR to %:RR >1

A

(RR-1)X100

_% increase in risk

46
Q

Converting RR to %: RR<1

A

(1-RR) x 100

_% decrease in risk

47
Q

BP: 25th percentile or first quartile

A

the value below which the smallest 25% of observations fall and 75% of observations fall aboveit.

48
Q

BP: 75th percentile or third quartile

A

the value where the 25% of observations fall above and 75% fall below it.

49
Q

length of lower whisker

A

Q1-1.5xIQR

50
Q

length of upper whisker

A

Q3+1.5xIQR

51
Q

Parameter

A

data based on an entire population

52
Q

gross pathology autopsy

A

Generally reserved for deaths that are unexpected, difficult to explain or suspicious

53
Q

verbal autopsy

A

Technique used predominantly in the developing world where gross pathology autopsy is not possible

54
Q

death certificates

A

Coroner assigns a cause of death after examination of the deceased

55
Q

psychological autopsy

A

investigating the “true” cause of death in case of suicide

56
Q

Absolute risk aka

A

baseline risk

57
Q

absolute risk

A

number of outcome in group/number of total in group

58
Q

absolute risk reduction

A

absolute risk exposed- absolute risk unexposed

intervention lowered risk by _

59
Q

RR reduction (RR)

A

100- RR%

intervention reduces RR of outcome by _

60
Q

AR ending

A

per 100 person years

61
Q

if the variable was collected from a randomly selected sample

A

then the variable will also be a random variable

62
Q

for norm dist

A

mean and SD

63
Q

For anything skewed

A

median and IQR

64
Q

for comparing two groups

A

median and IQR

65
Q

segments of a pie chart arranged

A

descending order in clockwise direction

BMS1042 (10 decks)

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