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Unit 2: SXS lab > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Myoblast

A

-muscle mesenchymal cells

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2
Q

Myotubule

  • composed of
  • will become
A
  • made from myoblasts fusing together to make multinucleated tubes
  • eventually become myofilaments once they make enough proteins and nuclei are displaced against sarcolemma
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3
Q

Myofilaments

  • what do they make
  • classes
A
  • make myofibrils

- classes: actin (I band) and myosin (A band)

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4
Q

Sarcomere

  • what forms it
  • where does it extend from and to
  • function
A
  • formed by I and A bands,
  • boundaries are between two z lines
  • contractile unit of muscle cell
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5
Q

Sarcolemma

-what is it

A

-muscle cell membrane, encases multiple myofibril, contains sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

What lies outside of sarcolemma?

A

endomysium-fascia

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7
Q

Transverse-tubule

  • what is it?
  • function?
A
  • Invaginations of the sarcolemma that penetrate deeply into the muscle fiber around all myofibrils
  • allows action potential to propagate
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8
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

-modified smooth ER of sarcolemma, holds Ca

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle triad

  • made of
  • function
A
  • t-tubule and two terminal cisternae of SR
  • allows depolarization of the sarcolemma in a T-tubule to affect the sarcoplasmic reticulum and trigger release of Ca2+ ions into cytoplasm around the thick and thin filaments, which initiates contraction of sarcomeres
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10
Q

H-band

A

-contains myosin and creatine kinase (will transfer phosphate groups from phosphocreatine to ADP to create ATP for muscle contraction)

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11
Q

M line

A

-in middle of H zone, contains myomesin which holds thick filaments in place

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12
Q

F-actin

A

-two actin monomers forming an actin filament

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13
Q

Troponin complex

-what is it made of? their functions?

A
  • Tropnin I, C,, T
  • T: binds troponin to tropomyosin
  • I: inhibits binding of actin to myosin
  • C: binds Ca (only in striated muscle)
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14
Q

Tropomyosin

A
  • extends length of 7 actin monomers and binds to troponin

- blocks myosin-binding sites preventing crossbridges from forming

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15
Q

Myosin II head

A

driving force of movement when bound to ctin

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16
Q

Nebulin

A
  • holds actin in place laterally

- anchors them to alpha actinin

17
Q

Titin

A

-maintains position of myosin in sarcomere by generating passive tension

18
Q

Costamere

  • function
  • disruption
A
  • located on sarcolemm and connects sarcomere to sarcolemma
  • dystrophin is one of main binding proteins and when mutated can cause disruption of costamere, alllowing for separation between sarcomere and sarcolemma
19
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • reserve myoblasts that are activated with injury and proliferate to form new skeletal fibers
  • stored in sarolemma
20
Q

Neuromuscular spindle

  • function
  • structure
  • innervation
A
  • primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle–provide information about contraction and relaxation
  • composed of 2 to 14 muscle fibers wrapped with connective tissue in belly of muscle (intrafusal fibers)
  • Sensory fibres (type Ia and type II) spiral around the intrafusal muscle fibres, ending near the middle of each fibre.
  • Motor neuron: gamma
21
Q

Types of skeletal muscle

A

Type I: slow

Type 2a/b: fast

22
Q

Type I

  • twitch
  • metabolism
  • myoglobin
  • diameter
  • fatigue
  • used for
A
  • slow twitch
  • aerobic metabolism-use very little glycogen, mostly fat
  • high myoglobin (appear red)
  • small fiber diameter
  • high resistance to fatigue
  • used for prolonged aerobic exercise (marathon)
23
Q

Type II A

  • twitch
  • metabolism
  • myoglobin
  • diameter
  • fatigue
A
  • intermediate twitch
  • fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (intermediate glycogen level)
  • high myoglobin (red)
  • intermediate fiber diameter
  • intermediate resistance to fatigue
24
Q

Type II B

  • twitch
  • metabolism
  • myoglobin
  • diameter
  • fatigue
  • used for
A
  • fast twitch
  • high glycogen (glycogenolysis), very little oxidative activity
  • low myoglobin (white)
  • large diameter
  • sensitive to fatigue
  • sprinting
25
Q

Spaces in meninges (3)

A

1: epidural- space between wall of vertebral canal and duramater; fat, venous plexuses
2: subdural- potential space but not filled with anything usually as arachnoid mater is firm up against duramater
3: subarachnoid- between pia and arachnoid; CSF, arteries, veins

26
Q

Spinal pathways

A
  • Efferent: motor–sympathetic (organs; nicotonic (ACH) and adrenergic (EPI); thoracic and lumbar), parasympathetic (organs; nicotonic (ACH) and muscarinic (ACH); cranial and sacral), somatic (body wall; nicotinic ACH)
  • Afferent: sensory
27
Q

Nerve plexus

  • formed by
  • distribution
A
  • formed from anterior primary rami

- peripheral distribution: not in dermatomes

28
Q

Somite

A

-split into sclerotome and dermamyotome

29
Q

Sclerotome

A

medial part of somite- will form vertebrae

  • anterior portion: form body of vertebrae
  • posterior portion: form vertebral arch
30
Q

Dermamyotome

A

lateral part of somite-form skin and skeletal muscles

  • anterior portion give rise to axial muscles of trunk and limbs and associated dermis
  • posterior portion give rise to intrinsic muscles and overlying dermis of back
31
Q

Referred pain

A

-somato sensory nerves run to same spinal segment and enter same spinal nerve as the sensory visceral nerves, so sometimes the sensation will get confused and the pain sensation will be perceived on body wall instead of on organ

32
Q

Ondontoid view

A

-can see cervical spine through open mouth

33
Q

Fyettes principals (3)

A

1: Neutral, side bending and rotation opposite
2: Flexed/extended, side bending and rotation same side
3: When initiating movement in any plane of motion on a segment, the segment will also move in the other planes of motion; therefore if someone is ESrRr, side bending them will also create motion in rotation and extension

Unit 2: SXS lab (7 decks)

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