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Unit 2: SXS lab > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of IV disks

A

-attachments between vertebral bodies -allow for movement between vertebral bodies -shock absorbers

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2
Q

What are IV disks made of?

A

-outer fibrous part: anulus fibrosus; fibrocartilage -central mass: nucleis pulposus; elastin, proteoglycans, water

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3
Q

How do IV disks change with age?

A

-nuclei pulposi dehydrate and lose elastin and proteoglycans while gaining collagen. -lose their turgor (fullness), becoming stiffer and more resistant to deformation.

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4
Q

How do anterior longitudnal disks interact with IV disks?

A

covers and connects the anterolateral aspects of the vertebral bodies and IV discs

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5
Q

What is function of anterior longitudnal disks?

A

prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

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6
Q

Contents of the vertebral canal

A

spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, spinal meninges, neurovascular structures

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7
Q

Where does spinal cord begin and end in an adult vs an embryo? Why?

A

-Adult: L1-L2 -Baby: S4-S5 -Because the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord; as a result, the cord “ascends” relative to the vertebral canal.

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8
Q

Where are enlargements of spinal cord located? Why?

A

Cervical and lumbar, because of the plexuses

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9
Q

Safest place to insert needle for lumbar puncture? Why?

A

-L4 and L5 - because the cauda equina is made of thin fibers that easily move out of the way

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10
Q

Ligamentum flavum -how do they work - function -composition -increased thickness

A

-connects the vertebrae from one lamina to the next - provides protection to the neural elements of the spine and provides stability by preventing excess motion between vertebrae -Composition 80% elastin and 20% collagen -can thicken with age

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11
Q

Ligaments that connect spinous processes

A

-supraspinous (from one tip of spinous process to next), interspinous (between two spinous processes), and nuchal (cervical region)

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12
Q

Pathway of needle in epidural

A

skin–sub cut–supraspinous ligament–intraspinous ligament–ligamentum flavum

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13
Q

Craniovertebral joints -what do they connect, type of joint, movement of joint

A

-atlanto-occipital: between occipital bone of cranium and atlas (C1); pivot; flexion and extension of head, sideways tiliting of head -atlanto-axial: between atlas (C1) and axial (C2); condyloid; rotation

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14
Q

venous drainage of spinal cord

A
  • spinal veins and basivertebral veins (vertebral bodies) drain into venous plexuses along the vertebral column, both inside and outside the vertebral cana; those drain into intervertebral veins which drain into the vertebral veins of neck and trunk
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15
Q

spinal veins

A

-veins that brain the spinal cord and bone of spine (except for spinous body)

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16
Q

Parent spinal arteries

A

Parent arteries: -cervical: vertebral and ascending cervical arteries -thoracic: posterior and intercostal arteries -iliolumbar and lateral/medial sacral arteries -will encircle entire vertebral column and branches coming off will feed the bone

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17
Q

spinal nerves

A

-meninges and vertebral column are innervated by meningeal nerves which are the first branches to arise from all 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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18
Q

Equatorial and Posterior arterial branches

A
  • Equitorial: feed vertebral body -Posterior: feed vertebral arch
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19
Q

Spinal branches

A

supply bones, periosteum, ligaments and meninges that are in the epidural space

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20
Q

Partial thick biopsy techniques

A

-shave excision -curettage

21
Q

Full thickness biopsy

A

-punch -excisional

22
Q

Shave excision -when is it used -why it should not be used -advantages

A
  • to remove the protruding portion of a raised skin lesion when a full-thickness sample is not required -contraindicated for melanoma because of inability to gauge how deep the invasion is - simple and less expensive; does not disrupt the skin
23
Q

Curettage -when is it used -disadvantages

A
  • biopsy removal of basal cell carcinomas, hyperkeratotic epidermal lesions, and neoplastic tissue (necrotic) - multiple fragments of specimen are produced and the presence of disease-free margins cannot be determined
24
Q

Punch -when is it used -type of dx used for

A

-complete removal of small lesions (<5 mm) or whenever there is doubt as to the diagnosis or optimal treatment for a particular lesion. -recommended when melanoma is a significant consideration because it provides information on the depth of the lesion.

25
Q

Excisional -when is it used -benefit -tyoe of dx used for

A

to remove an entire lesion in a manner that obtains a full-thickness specimen of skin -diagnosis and treatment can be carried out at same time - removal of malignant, or suspected malignant, skin lesions

26
Q

Complications of skin sampling

A

-Pain -Infection -Excessive bleeding -Scarring -Missing correct dx -Allergic reaction -Recurrence

27
Q

5 major functions of skin

A

-protection: keratin is tough providing protection from invaders, melanin protects from sunrays -sensory: receptors in skin allows for sensations to be felt (heat, pain, pressure) -thermoregulatory: insulates with fat and releases heat through sweating - sex signaling: phermones produced in sweat glands -vit D: allows for absorption of vitamin D from the sun

28
Q

Melanocytes

A

-located in the epidermal basal layer and synthesize melanin granules and transfer them into neighboring keratinocytes.

29
Q

Langerhaan cells

A

-APC’s located in spinous layer of skin to alert tcells when there is micro-organism attack

30
Q

Merkel cells

A

basal epidermal layer have high tactile sensitivity and function as mechanoreceptors

31
Q

Skin appendages -what is it -examples

A

-skin-associated structures that serve a particular function including sensation, contractility, lubrication and heat loss. -examples: hair, sebaceous/sweat glands, nails

32
Q

Skin appendages in scalp

A

-increased hair follicles and sebaceous glands

33
Q

Skin on arm -why is it thin? -what adnexal structure not present

A

-lack of stratum lucidum and thin stratum corneum (in thick skin, corneum is very thick)

34
Q

Skin on palms and soles of feet

A

-pronounced dermal papillae (finger prints) -thick stratum corneum due to increase of abrasions in this area

35
Q

Innervation of skin and back muscles

-intrinsic vs extrinsic

A

-skin on back and intrinsic muscles of back enter/exit dorsal primary rami -extrinsic muscles enter/exit through ventral primary rami

36
Q

Superficial fascia -function

A

-facilitates skin over underlying structures -passage for cutaneous nerves and blood vessels -protects body from heat loss (fat)

37
Q

Deep fascia

A

-allows for movement of muscle -carries nerves and blood vessels of muscles -compartmentalizes muscle groups and helps minimize friction between groups

38
Q

Triangle of auscultation -borders -significance -instructions to patient

A

-inferior portion of trap, medial border of scapula, lat -relatively thin layer of tissue here allows lung sounds to be more easily heard with a stethoscope; good for patients with thick back musculature -usually covered by scapula, ask patient to cross arms across their chest and bend forward

39
Q

Pars anticularis -what is it

A

-cloumn of bones connecting the superior and inferior articular process

40
Q

Scotty dog -other name -parts of body and what they represent -what happens with sondylolithesis

A

-another name for pars arnticularis -ear: superior articular process; snout: transverse process; eye: pedicle; neck: isthmus; forelimb:inferior articular process; body: spinous process; hind limb: contralateral inferior articular process -dog is decapitated

41
Q

curvatures of vertebral column

A

-kyphosis: thoracic and sacrum-natural, begin to form during fetal development -lodosis: cervical and lumbar-begin to form once weight is beared

42
Q

How does excessive thoracic kyphosis occur?

A

-humpback: erosion of anterior part of vertebrae -we

43
Q

How does excessive lumbar lordosis occur?

A

-weakened trunk musculature -late pregnancy due to difference in normal line of gravity -obesity due to increased weight of abdominal cavity

44
Q

How does scoliosis occur?

A

-deformities: only half of vert form -asymmetrical weakness of intrinsic back muscles

45
Q

what occurs with vertebral motions -extension -flexion -side bending -rotation

A

-extension: spinous bodies move apart, spinous process get closer together, posterior portion of IV disk is compressed -flexion: spinous bodies get closer together, spinous process move apart, anterior portion of IV disk is compressed - side bending: one set of transverse processes moving closer together, opposite moving apart, IV disk is compressed on side where transverse process are closer together -rotation: spinal bodies moving in opposite ways over IV disk

46
Q

Sacrum

A

MEMORIZE

47
Q

Vertebrae

-Body, pedicle, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, vertebral foramen, superior/inferior articular process, superior/inferior vertebral notch

A

MEMORIZE

48
Q

Difference in vertebrae

A

MEMORIZE

Unit 2: SXS lab (7 decks)

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