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Therapeutic interventions > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lever?

A

Any rigid segment that rotates around a fulcrum

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2
Q

When does a lever system exist?

A

Exists whenever two forces are applied to a lever in a way that produces opposing
torques

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3
Q

What are the components of a lever system?

A
  • Effort force (EF)
  • Resistance Force (RF)
  • Effort Arm (EA)
  • Resistance Arm (RA)
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4
Q

What is effort force?

A

Force that is producing the resultant torque(acting in the direction of rotation)

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5
Q

What is resistance force?

A

Force creating an opposing torque

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6
Q

What is the effort arm?

A

Moment arm for the effort force

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7
Q

What is the resistance arm?

A

Moment arm for the resistance force

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8
Q

The ___ force is always the winner in the torque game

A

The effort force is always the winner in the torque game

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9
Q

The first class lever is where the axis lies somewhere between the ____ and the ___

A

The first class lever is where the axis lies somewhere between the point of application of the effort force and the point of application of the resistance force

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10
Q

In the first class lever within the body, the effort arm may be ___ than the resistance arm as long as they are in ___ side of the axis

A

In the first class lever within the body, the effort arm may be equal to, greater, less than the resistance arm as long as they are in opposite side of the axis

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11
Q

The second class lever system, is where the resistance force has a point of application between the ___ and ____

A

The second class lever system, is where the resistance force has a point of application between the axis and the point of application of the effort force

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12
Q

In the second class lever system, the effort arm is always ___ the resistance arm

A

In the second class lever system, the effort arm is always greater than the resistance arm

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13
Q

The second class lever system, is where the effort force has a point of application between the ___ and ____

A

The second class lever system, is where the effort force has a point of application between the axis and the point of application of the resistance force

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14
Q

In the third class lever system, the effort arm is always ___ the resistance arm

A

In the third class lever system, the effort arm is always less than the resistance arm

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15
Q

What is the mechanical advantage?

A

Measure of the mechanical efficiency of a lever system or the relative effectiveness of the effort force in comparison with the resistance force

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16
Q

Mechanical advantage is related to the ___

A

Mechanical advantage is related to the classification of a lever

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17
Q

Mechanical advantage provides an understanding of the relationship between the ___ and ___

A

Mechanical advantage provides an understanding of the relationship between the torque of an external force and the torque of a muscular force

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18
Q

How is mechanical advantage calculated?

A

The ratio of the effort arm to the resistance arm

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19
Q

What is the mechanical advantage when the effort arm is greater than the resistance arm?

A

It is greater than 1

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20
Q

What happens when the mechanical advantage is greater than 1?

A

The magnitude of the effort force working through the larger moment arm can be smaller than the magnitude of the resistance force, yet still create greater torque

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21
Q

What is the advantage of mechanical advantage?

A

A smaller force can defeat a larger force

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22
Q

The mechanical advantage of a first class lever system in the body can be/is ___

A

The mechanical advantage of a first class lever system in the body can be/is greater than, less than, or equal to one

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23
Q

The moment arm of the muscle in a first class lever system within the body is ___ to the moment arm of the external force

A

The moment arm of the muscle in a first class lever system within the body is shorter to the moment arm of the external force

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24
Q

Muscles working at the first class lever system within the body tend to be at a ___

A

Muscles working at the first class lever system within the body tend to be at a mechanical disadvantage

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25
Q

The mechanical advantage of a second class lever system in the body can be/is ___

A

The mechanical advantage of a second class lever system in the body can be/is greater than one

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26
Q

The magnitude of the ___ can be, but is not necessarily less than the magnitude of the ____

A

The magnitude of the effort can be, but is not necessarily less than the magnitude of the resistance

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27
Q

The mechanical advantage of a third class lever system in the body can be/is ___

A

The mechanical advantage of a third class lever system in the body can be/is less than one

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28
Q

In the third-class lever system within the body, the effort arm is always ____ the resistance arm

A

In the third-class lever system within the body, the effort arm is always less than the resistance arm

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29
Q

The magnitude of the effort force must be ___ than the magnitude of the resistance force for the effort to produce greater torque

A

The magnitude of the effort force must be greater than the magnitude of the resistance force for the effort to produce greater torque

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30
Q

Why is a third-class lever system mechanically inefficient/working at a disadvantage?

A

The magnitude of the effort force must always be greater than the magnitude of the resistance force in order for the torque of the effort force to exceed the torque of the resistance force

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31
Q

What are the limitations of analysis of forces by lever systems?

A
  • Discussion of lever systems ignored the established fact that the rotation of a lever requires at least one force couple
  • Requires oversimplification that fails to take into consideration key elements that affect function and structural integrity
  • Torques on human segments are not simply produced by muscles and external forces
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32
Q

True or false

An effort and resistance force are a force couple

A

False.

An effort and resistance force are not a force couple, because they move in opposite directions rather than the same

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33
Q

What are the 3 main methods of manipulating external forces to maximize torque?

A
  • Torque of an external force can be increased by increasing the magnitude of the applied force
  • Torque of an external force can be increased by applying the force perpendicular to the lever
  • Torque of an external force can be increased by increasing the distance of the point of application of the force from the joint axis
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34
Q

A force applied to a lever produces its greater torque when the force is applied at ___ to the lever, presuming that there is a second part of the force couple

A

A force applied to a lever produces its greater torque when when the force is applied at 90 deg to the lever presuming that there is a second part of the force couple

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35
Q

What are the components of total force?

A
  • Perpendicular component

- Parallel component

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36
Q

What is the perpendicular component of a total force?

A

The portion of a force that is applied at 90 deg to a segment

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37
Q

What is the parallel component of a total force?

A

The portion of a force that is applied at parallel to a segment

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38
Q

The parallel component of total force tends to create ___ motion

A

The parallel component of total force tends to create translatory motion

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39
Q

The perpendicular component of total force tends to create __ motion

A

The perpendicular component of total force tends to create rotation and horizontal translation motion

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40
Q

The sum of the magnitude of the perpendicular and parallel component of a force will always be ___ than the resultant force

A

The sum of the magnitude of the perpendicular and parallel component of a force will always be greater than the resultant force

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41
Q

The parallel component of most muscle forces contributes to ___, making muscles important joint stabilizers

A

The parallel component of most muscle forces contributes to joint compression, making muscles important joint stabilizers

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42
Q

Most of the force generated by a muscle contributes to joint compression rather than ___

A

Most of the force generated by a muscle contributes to joint compression rather than joint rotation

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43
Q

Rotation around a joint axis requires that the sum of the ____ equals zero

A

Rotation around a joint axis requires that the sum of the parallel and perpendicular components equals zero

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44
Q

What happens when the sum of the parallel or perpendicular components of a joint axis do not equal zero initially?

A

Translatory motion will continue to occur alone or in combination with rotatory motion until checked by a capsule ligamentous force or a joint reaction force

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45
Q

Majority of torque on a segment will be produced by forces or force components that are applied ___ to the segment and at some distance from the ___

A

Majority of torque on a segment will be produced by forces or force components that are applied 90 deg to the segment and at some distance from the joint axis

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46
Q

The greater the net unbalanced torque, the greater the ___

A

The greater the net unbalanced torque, the greater the angular acceleration of the segment

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47
Q

What is an open chain activity?

A

One end of a segment or set of segments is free to move in space

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48
Q

What are the characteristics of an open chain activity?

A
  • Independent motion
  • Allows isolation
  • Typically non-weight bearing
  • Mobility is greater than stability
  • More functional in the upper extremity than in the lower extremity
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49
Q

What is a closed chain activity?

A

Both ends of a segment or set of segments are constrained in some way and are not free to move in space

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50
Q

What are the characteristics of a closed chain activity?

A
  • Interdependent motion
  • Shared load
  • Typically weight bearing
  • Stability is greater than mobility
  • More functional in the lower extremity than in the upper extremity
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51
Q

What is stress?

A

Resistance of a material to deformation

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52
Q

What is strain?

A

Deformation that occurs in a material in response to the application of an external load quantified as a percentage of change in some dimension of the material

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53
Q

What are the characteristics of an isotropic material?

A
  • Homogenous

* Exhibit uniform properties when loaded in different directions

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54
Q

What are the characteristics of an anisotropic material?

A
  • Heterogenous

* Exhibit non-uniform properties when loaded in different directions

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55
Q

What is load?

A

Application of a force, moment, or combination of them to a material

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56
Q

What is tension?

A

Equal and opposite loads applied away from the surface of a structure

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57
Q

What is compression?

A

Equal and opposite loads applied toward the surface of a structure

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58
Q

What is shear?

A

Opposing loads applied parallel to the surface of a structure

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59
Q

What is torsion?

A

Opposing loads are applied to the surface of a structure resulting in twisting about an internal axis

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60
Q

What is bending?

A

Combination of three or more loads applied to a structure causing it to bend about an axis external to itself

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61
Q

When does combined loading occur?

A

Combination of two or more loading modes applied to a structure at the same time

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62
Q

What is deformation?

A

Change occurring in some dimension of the

material in response to an applied load

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63
Q

What is viscosity?

A

Ability of a material to resist flow and dampen shear forces

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64
Q

What is elasticity?

A

Ability of a material to return to its original shape following deformation after the removal of the deforming load

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65
Q

What allows meaningful movement of the human movement system to occur?

A

The articulations/joint of the skeletal system

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66
Q

What do human joints comprise?

A

Living tissues that change their structure to in response to changing environmental or functional demands

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67
Q

What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
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68
Q

____ are considered to be dense regular connective tissues

A

Tendons and ligaments are considered to be dense regular connective tissues

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69
Q

Connective tissue is characterized by…?

A

Widely dispersed cells and a large volume of extra-cellular matrix

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70
Q

___ is considered to be a highly specialized an mineralized form of connective tissue

A

Bone is considered to be a highly specialized an mineralized form of connective tissue

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71
Q

A microscopic levels, the extra-cellular matrix of connective tissues have both __ and ___ components

A

A microscopic levels, the extra-cellular matrix of connective tissues have both inter-fibular and fibular components

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72
Q

What determines the function of most connective tissue?

A

Extra -cellular components

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73
Q

The mechanical behavior of tissues involve the study of…?

A

The mechanical behavior of tissues involve the study of * how different materials and structures are able to provide support in response to changing forces*

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74
Q

The mechanical behavior of tissues deals with the relationship between ___ and ___

A

The mechanical behavior of tissues deals with the relationship between stress and strain

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75
Q

Stress occurs as a reaction force within…?

A

Stress occurs as a reaction force within the substance of the structure in the presence of an applied load

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76
Q

How can stress be quantified?

A

Force/unit area that develops within the material being tested.

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77
Q

What is ultimate stress?

A

The stress/load at the point of failure

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78
Q

What is ultimate strain?

A

The strain or deformation at the point of failure

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79
Q

What is isotropy?

A

A measure of the uniformity of the material when loaded from different directions

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80
Q

What is an example of an isotropic material?

A

Metals

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81
Q

What is an example of an anisotropic material?

A

Biological tissues

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82
Q

Which is more anisotropic: tendon, ligament, joint capsule, fascia?

A

Tendon more than ligament, joint capsule, and fascia

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83
Q

Tension results in…?

A

Tension results in lengthening and narrowing of the structure and causes tensile stresses to occur within the structure

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84
Q

What does compression result in?

A

Shortening and widening of the structure and causes compression stresses to occur within the structure

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85
Q

What does shear result in?

A

Internal angular deformation of the structure and causes shear stresses to occur within the structure

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86
Q

What does torsion cause?

A

A combination of compression, tension, and shear stresses to occur within the structure

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87
Q

What does combined loading cause?

A

Multiple combinations of stresses to occur within the structure

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88
Q

What is a load deformation curve?

A

A graph utilized to determine the strength properties and materials in which the load applied is plotted against the deformation material

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89
Q

What type of information does a load deformation curve provide?

A

Elasticity, plasticity, ultimate strength and stiffness, failure point, and the amount of energy prior to failure

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90
Q

What does the toe region of the load deformation curve signify?

A

Signifies the removal of slack within the structure as the tensile load is applied

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91
Q

What is a crimp?

A

A wavy configuration of collagen fibers found in most relaxed connective tissue

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92
Q

When does a crimp disappear?

A

When the collagen fibers in connective tissue are loaded

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93
Q

Where in the load deformation curve does a crimp occur?

A

In the toe region

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94
Q

What does the elastic region on the load deformation curve represent?

A

The range in which the stress is directly proportional to the strain

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95
Q

All the deformation occurring in the elastic region is ___

A

All the deformation occurring in the elastic region is reversible

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96
Q

Is the structure in the elastic region able to return to its normal dimensions after the load has been removed?

A

Yes, structures in the elastic region are able to return to its normal dimensions after the load has been removed

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97
Q

What does the elastic limit/ yield point signify?

A

The end of the elastic region where the material begins to undergo permanent deformation

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98
Q

What does the plastic region on the load deformation curve represent?

A

The range in which materials begin to deform at a rate disproportional to the stress

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99
Q

What is occurring in the plastic region?

A

Permanent deformation, although the structure is still intact and it may return to similar dimension with time

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100
Q

What does the ultimate failure point represent on the deformation curve?

A

Represents the continued load in the plastic range, but the maximum load that the tissue can tolerate has been reached.

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101
Q

What is happening with deformation and load at the ultimate failure point?

A

Deformation continues until it fails and load equals failure load

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102
Q

True or false

Tissue size can affect response to loading

A

True

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103
Q

Increased cross-sectional area of a tissue means that the tissue can withstand ___ force at any given length

A

Increased cross-sectional area of a tissue means that the tissue can withstand more force at any given length

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104
Q

An increased cross-sectional area of a tissue leads to ___

A

Greater strength and stiffness

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105
Q

Does the elongation to failure and length of a tissue changes when the cross sectional area is increased?

A

No, it stays the same

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106
Q

What does an increased tissue length mean?

A

It means that it can elongate further under the same load of condition as a shorter tissue

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107
Q

What is the status of strength and stiffness when the tissue length has been increased?

A
  • Strength is the same

- Stiffness is reduced

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108
Q

What is young’s modulus/modulus of elasticity?

A

The linear portion of the curve that occurs in the elastic region of the load deformation curve.

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109
Q

The ____ is the measure of stiffness or resistance to external loads

A

The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness or resistance to external loads

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110
Q

The _____ is the measure of compliance to external load

A

The reverse of the modulus of elasticity is the measure of compliance to external load

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111
Q

What does it mean when the slope through the young modulus is steep?

A

The modulus of elasticity is said to be high

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112
Q

A high modulus of elasticity correlates with ___?

A

A high modulus of elasticity correlates with high stiffness, and low compliance

Ex: cortico tissue

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113
Q

What does it mean when the slope through the young modulus is gradual?

A

The modulus of elasticity is said to be low

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114
Q

A low modulus of elasticity correlates with ___?

A

A low modulus of elasticity correlates with low stiffness and high compliance

Ex: Adipose tissue*

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115
Q

What is the stress-strain curve?

A

Load-deformation curve in which load is expressed as load per unit area and strain is expressed as deformation per unit of length or percentage of deformation

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116
Q

What happens in the toe region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

There is very little force to deform tissue in straightening crimp

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117
Q

What happens in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

Collagen fibrils are being stretched and are resisting applied force

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118
Q

____ reflects type of collagen, fibril size, and cross-linking among collagen molecules

A

The elastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials reflects type of collagen, fibril size, and cross-linking among collagen molecules

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119
Q

What happens when load is removed in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

When the load is removed, structure will return to its pre-stressed dimensions, although this return will take some time

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120
Q

The level of loading in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials includes ____ and typically extends to about ____

A

The level of loading in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials includes stresses and strains that
occur with normal activities and typically extends to about 4% strain

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121
Q

What happens in the plastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

Micro failure of collagen fibers begins and structure no longer capable of returning to original length after force removed

122
Q

What does the recovery in the plastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials require?

A

Recovery after this level of loading requires considerable time as it involves aspects of healing

123
Q

What are the aspects of healing in the plastic region of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials require?

A
  • Synthesis of new tissue

* Cross-linking of collagen molecules

124
Q

What happens in the beyond ultimate failure point of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

Remaining collagen fibrils experience increased stress and rapidly rupture sequentially

125
Q

What is created in the beyond ultimate failure point of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A

Overt failure of the tissue

126
Q

What type of tissue failure is created in the beyond ultimate failure point of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials?

A
  • Rupture
  • Avulsion
  • Fracture
127
Q

What is a rupture?

A

Failure through middle of ligament or tendon

128
Q

What is an avulsion?

A

Failure at bony attachment of ligament or tendon

129
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Failure within bony tissue

130
Q

A rupture is typically a response of ___

A

A rupture is typically a response of a fast loading rate

131
Q

An avulsion is typically a response of ___

A

An avulsion is typically a response of a slow loading rate

132
Q

Deformation prior to failure in the beyond ultimate failure point of the stress-strain curve for collagenous materials varies on?

A
  • Tissue type

- Tissue size

133
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

A characteristic exhibited by all tissues
of the body in which the properties of
viscosity and elasticity are combined

134
Q

Viscoelasticity makes tissue behavior ___ dependent

A

Viscoelasticity makes tissue behavior time-, rate-, and history-dependent

135
Q

What is creep?

A

Progressive strain or deformation of a structure under the influence of a constant stress or load

136
Q

What are the determinants of mechanical properties of a fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • Size and density of the structure
  • Mechanical properties of the collagen and elastin fibers contained in the structure
  • Proportion of collagen and elastin fibers
  • Orientation of fibers in the tissue
137
Q

What are the time dependent properties illustrated by the viscoelasticity of connective tissue?

A
  • Creep
  • Hysteresis
  • Stress-relaxation
138
Q

How does creep apply in the clinic?

A

Stretching shortened tissue

139
Q

How is creep tested in cartilage and bone and why?

A

Compressive loading.

So that the depth of indentation represents creep and covering

140
Q

What is stress-relaxation?

A

Decrease in the stress within a structure in the presence of a constant strain or deformation

141
Q

What happens if a tissue stretched to a fixed length, while the force required to maintain the length is measured?

A

The force needed will be decreased over time

142
Q

When does hysteresis occur?

A

When the force and length are measured as forces are loaded and unloaded and the resulting load deformation curves do not follow the same path

143
Q

In hysteresis, energy is often lost as ___

A

In hysteresis, energy is often lost as heat

144
Q

What are the rate dependent properties illustrated by the viscoelasticity of connective tissue?

A

Strain-rate sensitivity

145
Q

What is strain-rate sensitivity?

A

Resistance to deformation relative to rate of load application

146
Q

Increased rate of load application is associated with ___

A

Increased rate of load application is associated with increased resistance to deformation

147
Q

Decreased rate of load application is associated with ___

A

Decreased rate of load application is associated with Decreased resistance to deformation

148
Q

Less deformation prior to failure occurs with ____

A

Less deformation prior to failure occurs with load application at a higher rate for a brief duration

149
Q

What are the mechanical properties of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • High tensile strength
  • Anisotropic
  • Fails at strains as low as 9% for structures with little or no elastin fiber content
  • Fails at strains of up to 70% for structures with high elastin content
150
Q

What are some of the mechanical properties of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • Ultimate load and strain increase with increasing speed of loading
  • Stiffness does not change with changes in speed of loading
  • Significant viscoelastic characteristics, especially in first 6-8 hours of loading
  • Compared to tendons, ligaments must withstand forces in all directions
151
Q

In the clinic, the viscoelastic characteristics of fibrous connective tissue can be exploited for ___

A

In the clinic, the viscoelastic characteristics of fibrous connective tissue can be exploited for increasing tissue length without tearing or failure

152
Q

What can fatigue type failures result from in a fibrous connective tissue?

A

Fatigue type failures can result from exposure to loads that are too high, too numerous, or too frequent with management requiring a reduction in one or more of these variables

153
Q

___ results in a general loss of collagen content, but an increase in collagen cross-linking

A

Aging results in a general loss of collagen content, but an increase in collagen cross-linking

154
Q

The use of NSAIDs can cause an/a ___ in the tensile strength of connective tissues due to an increase in overall collagen content and in the proportion of non-soluble collagen

A

The use of NSAIDs can cause an increase in the tensile strength of connective tissues due to an increase in overall collagen content and in the proportion of non-soluble collagen

155
Q

The final trimester of pregnancy is accompanied by a significant release of the hormone relaxin resulting in a ____ making the tissues more susceptible to injury

A

The final trimester of pregnancy is accompanied by a significant release of the hormone relaxin resulting in a general loss of stiffness and strength of the connective tissues making the tissues more susceptible to injury

156
Q

What are the determinants in the mechanical properties of cartilage?

A
  • Type of cartilage (i.e. hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage)
  • Structural composition (i.e. Type I vs. Type II collagen)
  • Proportions of structural components (i.e. water, collagen, elastin, proteoglycans)
157
Q

What is the boundary mechanism in the lubrication of cartilage?

A

Monolayer of glycoproteins carries load and provides separation of cartilage surfaces for lubrication

158
Q

What is the fluid film mechanism in the lubrication of cartilage?

A

Fluid pressure provides separation of articular surfaces and, thus, provides lubrication

159
Q

What are the mechanical properties of cartilage?

A
  • Anisotropic
  • Biphasic
  • Capable of large viscoelastic deformation due to processes of fluid exudation and redistribution
160
Q

What does biphasic mean?

A

When something has both fluid and solid phases

161
Q

Cartilage depends upon ____ through its substance via cyclic compression and decompression as well as motion

A

Cartilage depends upon diffusion and the pumping of fluids through its substance via cyclic compression and decompression as well as motion

162
Q

Compromise of cartilage health should be expected following ____ due to an alteration in nutritional supply mechanisms

A

Compromise of cartilage health should be expected following immobilization due to an alteration in nutritional supply mechanisms

163
Q

Injury of cartilage can often occur without ___ and can progress until ___ is quite advanced before pain is experienced

A

Injury of cartilage can often occur without initial awareness and can progress until tissue destruction is quite advanced before pain is experienced

164
Q

What are the determinants of the mechanical property of bone?

A
  • Size, density, and geometric characteristics of bone specimen
  • Mode of loading applied
  • Rate and frequency of loading
165
Q

What does the type of mechanical property of a bone depend upon?

A

The type of bone in consideration

166
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  • Cortical (compact) bone

- Cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone

167
Q

What are the mechanical properties of cortical (compact bone)?

A
  • Very high ultimate strength in compression and tension
  • Very high stiffness
  • Anisotropic
  • Fractures at approximately 2% strain
  • Stiffness and ultimate load increase with increased speed of loading
168
Q

What are the mechanical properties of cancellous (trabecular or spongy) bone?

A

• Moderate to low ultimate strength depending upon porosity
• Moderate to low stiffness
• Anisotropic
• Typically fractures at approximately 7%
strain, but can sustain strains as high as
75% before failure in some instances
• Stiffness and ultimate load tolerance increase with increased speed of loading

169
Q

Changes in the mechanical properties of

bone generally parallel changes in ___

A

Changes in the mechanical properties of
bone generally parallel changes in bone
mass, aging and osteoporosis

170
Q

Stresses on bone are due to ____

A

Stresses on bone are due to *weight bearing

and muscle loading*

171
Q

____ can considerably modify the exposure of bones to loading, but become less effective in doing so with fatigue

A

Muscles can considerably modify the
exposure of bones to loading, but become
less effective in doing so with fatigue

172
Q

Bone is subject to stress (fatigue) fracture relative to ____of loading

A

Bone is subject to stress (fatigue) fracture relative to magnitude, quantity, and
frequency of loading

173
Q

When does the bone being subject to stress (fatigue) fracture relative to magnitude, quantity, and frequency of loading occur?

A

Occurs with shift in balance of bone

formation and absorption toward osteoclastic activity

174
Q

What does the management of bone being subject to stress (fatigue) fracture relative to magnitude, quantity, and frequency of loading require?

A

Management requires the modification of

one or more of the contributing factors

175
Q

Taking advantage of the mechanical advantage of _____, a dynamic splint can be used to aide in increasing joint ROM

A

Taking advantage of the mechanical advantage of creep, a dynamic splint can be used to aide in increasing joint ROM

176
Q

What is a dynamic splint?

A

A spring loaded tensioning device that provides for the application of low load, long duration stretch.

177
Q

What does the dynamic splint mechanism provide?

A

A constant tensioning force to be applied,, while linked changes occur in the tissues

178
Q

____ uses elastic components

A

Dynamic splints uses elastic components

179
Q

____ uses inelastic components to apply torque to a joint in order to statically position it as close to the end of ROM as possible.

A

Static progressive splinting uses inelastic components to apply torque to a joint in order to statically position it as close to the end of ROM as possible.

180
Q

What mechanical advantage does a static progressive splint take advantage of?

A

Stress- relaxation

181
Q

Skeletal muscle function provides both __ and ____

A

Skeletal muscle function provides both mobility and stability

182
Q

Skeletal muscle can produce or control movement of the ___ around the joint axis, where they can resist extraneous movement of joint surfaces through the ___

A

Skeletal muscle can produce or control movement of the bony lever around the joint axis, where they can resist extraneous of joint surfaces through the approximation of joints

183
Q

The total muscle force vector can be approximated by…?

A

The total muscle force vector can be approximated by putting the point of application at the muscle’s attachment and then drawing an action line symmetrically towards the middle of the muscle’s fibers

184
Q

The direction of pull of any muscle is always towards the ____ of the muscle

A

The direction of pull of any muscle is always towards the center of the muscle

185
Q

What are the determinants of muscle force production?

A
  • Recruitment of motor units
  • Muscle fiber type
  • Muscle length
  • Speed of contraction
  • Muscle Action
  • Torque Potential
  • Muscle architecture
186
Q

____ is fundamental to the recruitment of motor units

A

Size principle is fundamental to the recruitment of motor units

187
Q

Which motor units are recruited 1st?

A

Motor units with small cell bodies and few motor fibers

188
Q

What are the other factors influencing motor unit recruitment?

A
  • Nature of task performed
  • Variable within individual muscles of synergistic group
  • Firing frequency
  • Fatigue
189
Q

Small distal muscles rely on ____

A

Small distal muscles rely on increased frequency of firing

190
Q

Large proximal muscles rely on ___

A

Large proximal muscles rely on the recruitment of additional motor units

191
Q

____ can also affect force production during muscle contraction

A

muscle fiber types can also affect force production during muscle contraction

192
Q

Muscle fiber types is reflective of the ___

A

Muscle fiber types is reflective of the physiologic characteristics of muscle fibers

193
Q

The physiologic characteristic of muscle fibers can affect the ____

A

The physiologic characteristic of muscle fibers can affect the potential speed of contraction, the potential magnitude of force generation, and determines the fatigueability of the muscle fiber

194
Q

What are the characteristics of type 1 slow oxidative fibers?

A
  • Diameter: Small
  • Color: Red
  • Capillarity: Dense
  • Myoglobin content: High
  • Speed of contraction: Slow
  • Rate of fatigue: Slow
195
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2a fast oxidative glycolitic fibers?

A
  • Diameter: Intermediate
  • Color: Red
  • Capillarity: Dense
  • Myoglobin content: Intermediate
  • Speed of contraction: Fast
  • Rate of fatigue: Intermediate
196
Q

What are the characteristics of type 2x fast glycolitic fibers?

A
  • Diameter: Large
  • Color: White
  • Capillarity: Sparse
  • Myoglobin content: Low
  • Speed of contraction: Fast
  • Rate of fatigue: Fast
197
Q

What is muscle tension?

A

Ability to develop tension and to exert a force on the bony lever is most important characteristic of muscle

198
Q

Total tension in a muscle includes both ___ and ____ components

A

Total tension in a muscle includes both active and passive components

199
Q

Total tension is a vector quantity possessing magnitude, ____, an ___, and a direction of pull

A

Total tension is a vector quantity possessing magnitude, two points of application, an action line, and a direction of pull

200
Q

____ tension is developed in the parallel elastic component of the muscle.

A

Passive tension is developed in the parallel elastic component of the muscle.

201
Q

Passive tension may add to the ____ produced by the muscle when the muscle is lengthened

A

Passive tension may add to the active tension produced by the muscle when the muscle is lengthened

202
Q

Passive tension may become slack and not produced to the total tension when the muscle is _____

A

Passive tension may become slack and not produced to the total tension when the muscle is shortened

203
Q

Passive tension is create by___

A

Passive tension is create by lengthening the muscle beyond slack length of the tissues

204
Q

Active tension refers to the tension developed by ___

A

Active tension refers to the tension developed by the contractile elements of the muscle

205
Q

Active tension is initiated by ____

A

Active tension is initiated by cross bridge formation and movement of thick and thin filaments

206
Q

The amount of active tension that a muscle can generate depends on ___

A

The amount of active tension that a muscle can generate depends on neural factors and mechanical properties of muscle fibers

207
Q

What are the neural factors included in the amount of active tension that a muscle can generate?

A
  • Frequency of motor units firing
  • Number of motor units firing
  • Size of motor units firing
208
Q

What are the mechanical properties included in the amount of active tension that a muscle can generate?

A
  • Isometric length tension relationship

- Force velocity relationship

209
Q

A direct relationship exist between the isometric tension development in a muscle fiber and the ____

A

A direct relationship exist between the isometric tension development in a muscle fiber and the length of the sarcomeres of the muscle fiber

210
Q

When does an optimal sarcomere length exist?

A

When a muscle fiber is capable of developing maximal isometric tension.

211
Q

Why does a muscle fiber obtain maximal isometric tension at an optimal sarcomere length?

A

Because thick and thin filaments are positioned so that maximum number of cross bridges within the sarcomere can be formed.

212
Q

What happens if the muscle fibers is shortened or lengthened beyond optimal length?

A

The amount of active tension that a muscle fiber is able to generate when stimulated decreases

213
Q

Sarcomere length-tension relationship only applies to ___

A

Sarcomere length-tension relationship only applies to isometric muscle contraction

214
Q

During dynamic contractions, length-tension relationship must be combined with ____ to determine the effect that both length and velocity have on muscle tension

A

During dynamic contractions, length-tension relationship must be combined with force-velocity relationship to determine the effect
that both length and velocity have on muscle tension

215
Q

Force-velocity relationship describes relationship between ___ and ___

A

Force-velocity relationship describes relationship between velocity of muscle contraction and force produced

216
Q

Force-velocity relationship provides an explanation for what happens during ___ and ___ muscle contractions

A

Force-velocity relationship provides an explanation for what happens during concentric and eccentric muscle contractions

217
Q

What is the speed of shortening?

A

The rate at which myo-filaments are able to slide pass one another to be able to form and reform cross bridges

218
Q

Speed of shortening is related to ___ and ___

A

Speed of shortening is related to muscle fiber type and length

219
Q

As load increases on a muscle, concentric contraction velocity ___ at isometric maximum

A

As load increases on a muscle, concentric contraction velocity slows to zero at isometric maximum

220
Q

In concentric muscle contraction, as the shortening speed decreases, the tension in muscle ___

A

In concentric muscle contraction, as the shortening speed decreases, the tension in muscle increases

221
Q

In isometric muscle contraction, the speed of shortening is ___ and tension is ___ than in a concentric contraction

A

In isometric muscle contraction, the speed of shortening is zero and tension is greater than in a concentric contraction

222
Q

In an eccentric contraction, as the speed of muscle lengthening increases, the tension in the muscle ___ and then ____

A

In an eccentric contraction, as the speed of muscle lengthening increases, the tension in the muscle increases and then plateaus

223
Q

____ contraction occurs with the active shortening of a muscle

A

Concentric contraction occurs with the active shortening of a muscle

224
Q

Concentric contraction involves sliding of the ___

A

Concentric contraction involves sliding of the thin filaments toward and past the thick filaments

225
Q

Concentric contraction is accompanied by the ___ and results in ___

A

Concentric contraction is accompanied by the formation and reformation of cross bridges in each sarcomere and results in shortening of the muscle and the generation of tension

226
Q

A ____ contraction is one in which muscle fibers do not change

A

An isometric contraction is one in which muscle fibers do not change

227
Q

What muscle action is happening when the whole muscle is activated and bones to which it is attached to do not move?

A

Isometric contraction

228
Q

During a concentric contraction, bones move ____

A

During a concentric contraction, bones move closer together as the whole muscle shortens

229
Q

During an eccentric contraction, bones move ____ as the muscle tries to control descent of the weight and the muscle ____ as the joint moves through the ROM

A

During an eccentric contraction, bones move away from each other as the muscle tries to control descent of the weight and the muscle lengthens as the joint moves through the ROM

230
Q

Amount of tension that can be developed in a muscle varies according to ___

A

Amount of tension that can be developed in a muscle varies according to type of contraction

231
Q

In which contraction is tension the greatest in general?

A

Eccentric contraction

232
Q

What are the factors affecting torque potential?

A
  • Length of moment arm of muscle force
  • Length of the muscle
  • Velocity of shortening or lengthening during dynamic movements
233
Q

Muscles produce force in the body by acting over a ___ at the joint to produce a torque

A

Muscles produce force in the body by acting over a moment arm at the joint to produce a torque

234
Q

Moment arm of the muscle can change with ____ which affects the torque being produced

A

Moment arm of the muscle can change with joint position which affects the torque being produced

235
Q

Single joint muscles tend to be recruited to produce force primarily in ____ contractions

A

Single joint muscles tend to be recruited to produce force primarily in concentric and isometric contractions

236
Q

Multi joint muscles tend to be recruited to control the fine regulation of torque during dynamic movements involving ___ more than ___ muscle actions

A

Multi joint muscles tend to be recruited to control the fine regulation of torque during dynamic movements involving eccentric more than concentric muscle actions

237
Q

Multi joint muscles tend to be recruited during more ___ motions requiring movements along multiple axis

A

Multi joint muscles tend to be recruited during more complex motions requiring movements along multiple axis

238
Q

____ is a phenomenon related to muscle length- tension relationship and the multi joint nature of some muscles

A

Active insufficiency is a phenomenon related to muscle length- tension relationship and the multi joint nature of some muscles

239
Q

What is active in sufficiency?

A

Reduced capacity in production of active tension across one joint occurring when muscles are placed on slack across another joint

240
Q

When does passive insufficiency occur?

A

Occurs when an inactive, potentially antagonistic muscle is of insufficient length to permit full ROM at the joints crossed by the passive muscle

241
Q

___ can measure the electrical activity of a muscle

A

EMG can measure the electrical activity of a muscle

242
Q

The electrical activity of a muscle is directly proportional to the ___

A

The electrical activity of a muscle is directly proportional to the motor unit activity

243
Q

The motor unit activity of a muscle is directly proportional to the __

A

The motor unit activity of a muscle is directly proportional to the isometric muscle force

244
Q

The type and direction of motion that results from an active muscle contraction depends on ___

A

The type and direction of motion that results from an active muscle contraction depends on the net force and torques acting on each of the bony attachments

245
Q

Muscle will move a segment in its direction of pull only when ___

A

Muscle will move a segment in its direction of pull only when the torque generated by the muscle exceeds opposing torques

246
Q

What are the advantages of isokinetic exercise and testing?

A
  • Maximal loading through ROM
  • Safe
  • Objective
  • Reproducible measurement
247
Q

What are the disadvantages of isokinetic exercise and testing?

A
  • Isolation
  • Non-weight bearing
  • Limited acceleration
  • Mono-planer
  • Cost
  • Not functional
  • Differences in exertion by performer
248
Q

___ is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

A neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

249
Q

The ___ is the neuron cell body

A

The perikaryon is the neuron cell body

250
Q

____ is housed in ventral horn of spinal cord (motor at all levels, pre-ganglionic autonomic in levels T1 through L3), sympathetic trunk (postganglionic autonomic), and dorsal root ganglia (sensory)

A

Perikaryon is housed in ventral horn of spinal cord (motor at all levels, pre-ganglionic autonomic in levels T1 through L3), sympathetic trunk (postganglionic autonomic), and dorsal root ganglia (sensory)

251
Q

___ are typically, a single fiber extending away from cell body with branches near
termination

A

Axons are typically, a single fiber extending away from cell body with branches near termination

252
Q

The conduction speed of an axon increases with ___

A

The conduction speed of an axon increases with myelination

253
Q

The conduction speed of an axon is positively correlated with ____

A

The conduction speed of an axon is positively correlated with fiber diameter

254
Q

___ are branched structures from cell body and terminal axon that act to increase the number of available synapses, the surrounding

A

Dendrites are branched structures from cell body and terminal axon that act to increase the number of available synapses

255
Q

The number of available synapses is further increased by the presence of ___ upon surface of dendrites

A

The number of available synapses is further increased by the presence of dendritic spines upon surface of dendrites

256
Q

What are the gross structures of the nervous system?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerve roots
257
Q

The brain is housed entirely within the ___

A

The brain is housed entirely within the cranium

258
Q

___ is structured as a continuation of the medulla oblongata from foramen magnum, terminates at the conus medullaris at L2 level

A

Spinal cord is structured as a continuation of the medulla oblongata from foramen magnum, terminates at the conus medullaris at L2 level

259
Q

The spinal cord attaches to the coccyx via ___

A

The spinal cord attaches to the coccyx via filum terminale

260
Q

___ are transitional structure from central nervous system into peripheral nervous system

A

Nerve roots are transitional structure from central nervous system into peripheral nervous system

261
Q

____ is a delicate and continuous layer of connective tissue meshwork surrounding all elements of the central nervous system

A

Pia mater is a delicate and continuous layer of connective tissue meshwork surrounding all elements of the central nervous system

262
Q

___ is a delicate connective tissue meshwork housing cerebrospinal fluid between itself and pia mater. It connects into pia mater via arachnoid trabeculae

A

Arachnoid mater is a delicate connective tissue meshwork housing cerebrospinal fluid between itself and pia mater. It connects into pia mater via arachnoid trabeculae

263
Q

____ is a tough outermost meningeal layer with high collagen content aligned in layers longitudinally. It is highly vascularized and innervated

A

Dura mater is a tough outermost meningeal layer with high collagen content aligned in layers longitudinally. It is highly vascularized and innervated

264
Q

What is the structural hierarchy of the PNS?

A
  • Nerve fiber
  • Fascicle
  • Peripheral nerve trunk
265
Q

____ axons housed within collagenous basement membrane and is surrounded by innermost connective tissue layer referred to as the endoneurium

A

Nerve fiber axons housed within collagenous basement membrane and is surrounded by innermost connective tissue layer referred to as the endoneurium

266
Q

____ are bundles of nerve fibers that are surrounded by external epineurium

A

Fascicles are bundles of nerve fibers that are surrounded by external epineurium

267
Q

Fascicles are separated by an ___

A

Fascicles are separated by an internal epineurium

268
Q

Each fascicle is intimately surrounded by a connective tissue layer called ____

A

Each fascicle is intimately surrounded by a connective tissue layer called perineurium

269
Q

Peripheral nerve trunk are bundle of fasciculi, enveloped by loose areolar tissue layer termed _____

A

Peripheral nerve trunk are bundle of fasciculi, enveloped by loose areolar tissue layer termed mesoneurium

270
Q

The nervous system is highly integrated by ___

A

The nervous system is highly integrated by connective tissue

271
Q

___ is the supporting cells between neurons of the nervous system and is involved in the myelination process

A

Neuroglia is the supporting cells between neurons of the nervous system and is involved in the myelination process

272
Q

____ is the oligodendroglia of the central nervous system and the schwann’s cells of the peripheral nervous system

A

Neuroglia is the oligodendroglia of the central nervous system and the schwann’s cells of the peripheral nervous system

273
Q

What are the connective tissue structures of the nervous system?

A
  • Neuroglia
  • Meninges
  • Peripheral connective tissues
274
Q

____ and ___ allow stretch and compression without kinking

A

Pia mater and arachnoid mater allow stretch and compression without kinking

275
Q

____ provides tremendous axial loading strength as well as relative structural stability through osseus attachments

A

Dura mater provides tremendous axial loading strength as well as relative structural stability through osseus attachments

276
Q

Peripheral connective tissues provide ____ as well as ____ to tensile and compressive forces

A

Peripheral connective tissues provide protection as well as resistance to tensile and compressive forces

277
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue within the nervous system?

A
  • Adds both tensile strength and elasticity to nervous tissue where movement is necessary
  • Adds structural stability through attachments to adjacent structures
  • Facilitates processes involved in nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal (i.e. circulation)
  • Influences interactions with endocrine and immune systems
  • Highly innervated and nociceptive although nervous tissue itself is not
278
Q

20% of the oxygen available in circulating blood utilized by the _____, which is 2% of body mass

A

20% of the oxygen available in circulating blood utilized by the nervous system, which is 2% of body mass

279
Q

Both central and peripheral components of the nervous system have extensive intrinsic ___ supported by ____

A

Both central and peripheral components of the nervous system have extensive intrinsic vascular systems supported by connective tissues

280
Q

The nervous system integration with the vascular system is susceptible to ____ and ____ which can alter blood flow

A

The nervous system integration with the vascular system is susceptible to mechanical compression and tensions forces which can alter blood flow

281
Q

The vascular system within the nervous system are ___ innervated and nociceptive although nervous tissue itself is not

A

The vascular system within the nervous system are highly innervated and nociceptive although nervous tissue itself is not

282
Q

What are the ways that the nervous system tissues is considered to be continuous throughout the body?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Electrical
  • Chemical
283
Q

How is the nervous system tissue continuous throughout the body mechanically?

A

Continuous via connective tissue associations

284
Q

How is the nervous system tissue continuous throughout the body electrically?

A

Interconnected electrically via impulse generation and transmission

285
Q

How is the nervous system tissue continuous throughout the body chemically?

A

Linked chemically via flow of neurotransmitters

286
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  • Conducts and regulates impulses via continuous electrochemical antegrade and retrograde flow
  • Associates physical, psychological, and environmental inputs
  • Adapts dynamically to maintain and change its own function
  • Facilitates coordinated conscious and unconscious reactions of multiple body systems
287
Q

What are the determinants of the mechanical properties of the nervous system?

A
  • Continuity of nervous tissue tract

- Supporting connective tissues

288
Q

What are the determinants of the mechanical properties of the nervous system in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Interneural and intraneural plexus formation

- Quantity of fascicles housed within nerve

289
Q

What are the determinants of the mechanical properties of the nervous system in the central nervous system?

A
  • Folding and twisting of axons

- Nervous tissue movement in relation to neighboring bony segments

290
Q

Interneural plexus formation in the PNS serves to ___

A

Interneural plexus formation in the PNS serves to * distribute force within combinations of nerves*

291
Q

Intraneural plexus formation in the PNS serves to ___

A

Intraneural plexus formation in the PNS serves to distribute force within specific
nerves

292
Q

How does the quantity of fascicles housed within peripheral nerves determine of the mechanical properties of the nervous system?

A

Nerve compression with greater pressure

required to affect nerve fibers in a nerve with a smaller number of fascicles

293
Q

How does the folding and twisting of axons

within the central nervous system determine of the mechanical properties of the nervous system?

A

Redundancy within the tissues of the central nervous system allows neural structures to elongate prior to being exposed to significant tensile forces

294
Q

Normal movement of the body requires that

tissues of the ___ be able to move past adjacent structures in which they are housed

A

Normal movement of the body requires that

tissues of the central nervous system be able to move past adjacent structures in which they are housed

295
Q

What are the mechanical load that nervous system tissues are exposed to?

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Excursion
296
Q

Compression can lead to alterations in ____ which can occur at relatively low pressures

A

Compression can lead to alterations in fluid and blood flow within neural tissue which can occur at relatively low pressures

297
Q

Exposure to compression is normal if ___ and ___ are not excessive

A

Exposure to compression is normal if magnitude of forces and duration of exposure are not excessive

298
Q

True or false

Neural tissue is not elastic

A

True

299
Q

Increased tensile loading leads to ___ cross sectional area and increased _____

A

Increased tensile loading leads to decreased cross sectional area and increased intraneural pressure

300
Q

When does blood flow begin to decrease?

A

At 6-8% strain or elongation

301
Q

When is blood flow completely arrested?

A

At 15% strain or elongation

302
Q

What is excursion?

A

The ability of the neural tissue to “slide” relative to adjacent interfacing extraneural
tissues

Therapeutic interventions (8 decks)

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