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Therapeutic interventions > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The human movement system comprises the ____ and ____ that interact to ____

A

The human movement system comprises the anatomic structures and physiologic functions that interact to move the body or its components

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2
Q

___ is the core of physical therapy practice, and research

A

The human movement system is the core of physical therapy practice, and research

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3
Q

What are the basic requirements of a human movement system practitioner?

A
  • An in depth, integrative knowledge of the human movement system and its component elements (anatomical structures and physiological functions)
  • The ability to evaluate and diagnose in the clinical setting through skilled observation and instrumentation.
  • The ability to identify physical impairments across various body systems that may be contributing to dysfunctional movement
  • The ability to design an intervention program to address underlying impairments and directly address movement dysfunction
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4
Q

What are the 3 primary ways the PTs function in the management of the movement system of the patient?

A
  • Distinctive knowledge and expertise
  • Examination, evaluation, and integration
  • Optimization through intervention
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5
Q

___ and ___ come together to form biomechanics

A

The human movement system and movement science come together to form biomechanics

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6
Q

What is biomechanics?

A

The study of biological systems using principle physics.

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7
Q

What are the newton’s law of motion?

A
  • Law of inertia
  • Law of acceleration
  • Law of action-reaction
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8
Q

What does the law of inertia state?

A

An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

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9
Q

What does the law of acceleration state?

A

Acceleration of an object is proportional to the unbalanced forces acting upon it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object

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10
Q

What does the law of action-reaction state?

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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11
Q

The 3 newton’s laws form the foundations for ___

A

The 3 newton’s laws form the foundations for classical mechanics

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12
Q

Classical mechanics is concerned with ___

A

Classical mechanics is concerned with *describing the motions of bodies under the action of a system of forces

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13
Q

What are the two main branches of classical mechanics?

A
  • Kinematics

- Kinetics

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14
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Set of concepts that allows for description of the displacement or motion of the body and/or its segments without regard to the
forces that cause the movement

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15
Q

What is displacement?

A

Changes in position over time

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16
Q

What is kinetics?

A

Set of concepts that deals with forces that produce, stop or

modify motion of either the body as a whole or the individual body segments

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17
Q

What is force?

A

A push or pull exerted by one object or substance on another

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18
Q

What are the kinematic variables used in describing displacement?

A
  • Type
  • Rate
  • Magnitude
  • Direction
  • Location
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19
Q

What are the types of displacement?

A
  • Translatory motion

- Rotatory motion

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20
Q

___ occurs as movement of a body segment in a straight line. Here, each point on the segment moves through the same distance, at the same time, in parallel paths

A

Translatory motion occurs as movement of a body segment in a straight line. Here, each point on the segment moves through the same distance, at the same time, in parallel paths

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21
Q

___ occurs as movement of a body segment around a fixed axis in a curved path

A

Rotatory motion/ center of rotation on a curved path occurs as movement of a body segment around a fixed axis in a curved path

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22
Q

What is an example of a translatory motion?

A

The anterior translation of the tibia on the femur when doing an anterior drawer test

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23
Q

____ is motion occurring as a combination of rotation and translation

A

General motion is motion occurring as a combination of rotation and translation

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24
Q

Motions of body segments are
rarely sufficiently constrained
to produce pure ___

A

Motions of body segments are
rarely sufficiently constrained
to produce pure rotatory
motion

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25
Q

Most joint rotations take place

around a series of ___

A

Most joint rotations take place
around a series of
instantaneous centers of
rotation

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26
Q

____ is general motion occurring as a combination of
translation and rotation in
two dimensions

A

Curvilinear motion is general motion occurring as a combination of translation and rotation in two dimensions

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27
Q

____ is the general motion in
which a body segment moves
across all three dimensions

A

3-dimensional motion is the general motion in which a body segment moves across all three dimensions

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28
Q

What is an example of curvilinear motion?

A

The motion that occurs in the elbow when picking up a glass to drink

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29
Q

How is the location of displacement in space described?

A
  • Coronal axis (x-axis)
  • Vertical axis (y-axis)
  • Anteroposterior axis (z-axis)
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30
Q

Movement in the coronal axis occurs in which direction?

A

Side to side

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31
Q

Movement in the vertical axis occurs in which direction?

A

Up and down

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32
Q

Movement in the anteroposterior axis occurs in which direction?

A

Front to back

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33
Q

The number of axis about which a joint moves is referred to as ___

A

The number of axis about which a joint moves is referred to as degrees of freedom

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34
Q

What is the maximum possible degrees of freedom with rotation and translation occurring around each of the 3 axis?

A

6 degrees

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35
Q

Rotation moves in or parallel to ___

A

Rotation moves in or parallel to cardinal planes

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36
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes?

A
  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane
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37
Q

True or false

Rotation and translation of body segments are not limited to motion along or around cardinal axis or within cardinal planes

A

True

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38
Q

____ deals with the quantity of motion through which a body segment moves or is able to move

A

Magnitude of displacement deals with the quantity of motion through which a body segment moves or is able to move

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39
Q

____ results in angular displacement and is commonly measured in degrees through goniometry

A

Rotatory motion results in angular displacement and is commonly measured in degrees through goniometry

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40
Q

____ results in linear displacement and is measured in units of distance

A

Translatory motion results in linear displacement and is measured in units of distance

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41
Q

___ is the rate of change in position of a body segment

A

Rate of displacement is the rate of change in position of a body segment

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42
Q

___ is the displacement per unit time regardless of direction

A

Speed is the displacement per unit time regardless of direction

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43
Q

___ is the displacement per unit time in a given direction

A

Velocity is the displacement per unit time in a given direction

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44
Q

___ is a change in velocity per unit time

A

Acceleration is a change in velocity per unit time

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45
Q

___ is the velocity of a rotating segment and is expressed as ___

A

Angular velocity is the velocity of a rotating segment and is expressed as degrees/sec

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46
Q

___ help PTs define and describe the qualitative and quantitative motions

A

Kinematic concepts help PTs define and describe the qualitative and quantitative motions

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47
Q

What is range of motion?

A

The amount of motion available
to a joint (aka. magnitude of displacement) within the
anatomic limits of the joint structure

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48
Q

____ is excessive range of motion compared to normal limits

A

Hypermobility is excessive range of motion compared to normal limits

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49
Q

Hypermobility at its extreme can be associated with ___ and ____

A

Hypermobility at its extreme can be associated with instability and dislocation

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50
Q

Hypomobility is ___

A

Hypomobility is limited ROM compared to normal limits

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51
Q

What are the potential causes of hypomobility?

A
  • Joint contraction

- Muscle shortness

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52
Q

What are the positional consideration in joints and joint function?

A
  • Loose packed position

- Close-packed position

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53
Q

____ is the position of minimum congruency between joint surfaces, where there is the greatest slack between the ligaments and capsules of the joint.

A

Loose packed position is the position of minimum congruency between joint surfaces, where there is the greatest slack between the ligaments and capsules of the joint.

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54
Q

The joint surfaces of a loose packed position are ____. The intra articular volume is ___

A

The joint surfaces of a loose packed position are unlocked. The intra articular volume is maximized

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55
Q

The loose packed position is statically ____ for load bearing as it requires maximum muscular activity to maintain, and dynamically ___ due to the ability to accommodate unexpected perturbations without joint injury

A

The loose packed position is statically inefficient for load bearing as it requires maximum muscular activity to maintain and dynamically Safe due to the ability to accommodate unexpected perturbations without joint injury

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56
Q

____ is the position of maximum congruency between joint surfaces, where there is the greatest tension between the ligaments and capsules of the joint.

A

Close-packed position is the position of maximum congruency between joint surfaces, where there is the greatest tension between the ligaments and capsules of the joint.

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57
Q

The joint surfaces of a close packed position are ____, via

phenomenon called ___. The intra articular volume is ___

A

The joint surfaces of a close packed position are locked, via phenomenon called conjunct rotation.The intra articular volume is minimized

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58
Q

The close packed position is statically ____ for load bearing as it requires minimal muscular activity to maintain and dynamically ___ due to the limited ability to accommodate unexpected perturbations without joint injury

A

The close packed position is statically efficient for load bearing as it requires minimal muscular activity to maintain and dynamically dangerous due to the limited ability to accommodate unexpected perturbations without joint injury

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59
Q

_____ refers to movement of bones in space during physiologic joint motion. This is observable and able to be described with respect to plane, axis, and direction

A

Osteokinematics refers to movement of bones in space during physiologic joint motion. This is observable and able to be described with respect to plane, axis, and direction

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60
Q

What is arthrokinematics, what does it accompany and what is it also known as?

A

The movement of
joint surfaces relative to one
another. Accompanies voluntary osteokinematic movement, but cannot be voluntarily isolated under normal conditions. Also known as accessory mobility or joint play

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61
Q

____ is an arthrokinematic motion where one point of one surface comes in contact with many points on another surface. It is also known as translation

A

Slide is an arthrokinematic motion where one point of one surface comes in contact with many points on another surface. It is also known as translation

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62
Q

What is spin? it may also be referred to as ___

A

An arthrokinematic motion that occurs when one point of one surface is in contact with one point on another surface. it may also be referred to as rotation

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63
Q

___ is an arthrokinematic motion where various points on one surface comes in contact with many points on another surface. This occurs as a combination of ___ and ___

A

Roll is an arthrokinematic motion where various points on one surface comes in contact with many points on another surface. This occurs as a combination of rotation and translation

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64
Q

Combinations of rolling and sliding occur in order to maintain ____

A

Combinations of rolling and sliding occur in order to maintain joint integrity

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65
Q

The combination of arthrokinematic motions occurring at a particular joint depends on the ___

A

The combination of arthrokinematic motions occurring at a particular joint depends on the shape of the articulating surfaces

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66
Q

___ joint surfaces moving on ___ joint surfaces generally roll and slide in opposite directions

A

Convex joint surfaces moving on concave joint surfaces generally roll and slide in opposite directions

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67
Q

Concave joint surfaces moving on convex joint surfaces generally roll and slide in the ___ direction

A

Concave joint surfaces moving on convex joint surfaces generally roll and slide in the same direction

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68
Q

Convex-concave rules merely
describe the _____ pattern that minimizes the inherent migration of the center of the convex member in the direction of the roll

A 
Convex-concave rules merely
describe the *arthrokinematic*
pattern that minimizes the
inherent migration of the center
of the convex member in the
direction of the roll
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69
Q

___ is characterized by magnitude and lacks direction

A

Scalar is characterized by magnitude and lacks direction

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70
Q

___ is characterized by magnitude and direction

A

Vector is characterized by magnitude and direction

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71
Q

Force is a ___ quantity

A

Force is a vector quantity

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72
Q

What are the 3 components considered for a force vector?

A
  • Point of application
  • Direction
  • Magnitude
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73
Q

Where a force acts on the body or a body segment is the ___

A

Where a force acts on the body or a body segment is the point of application

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74
Q

The action line or arrow head represents the ___ of force

A

The action line or arrow head represents the direction of force

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75
Q

The length of vector represents the ___ of force

A

The length of vector represents the magnitude of force

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76
Q

What are the primary rule of forces?

A
  • All forces on a body segment must come from something that is contacting that body segment
  • Although magnitude may be small enough to disregard, anything that contacts a segment must create a force on that segment
  • Gravity can be considered to be “touching” all objects
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77
Q

What are external forces? They can either ___ or ___ movement

A

Pushes or pulls on the body that arise from sources outside the body. They can either facilitate or restrict movement

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78
Q

____ are pushes or pulls on structures of the body that arise from the body’s own structures. Muscles ____ movement and ___ restricts movement

A

Internal forces are pushes or pulls on structures of the body that arise from the body’s own structures. Muscles facilitate movement and ligaments restricts movement

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79
Q

___ is the attraction of the

mass of the earth for the mass of other objects

A

Gravity is the attraction of the

mass of the earth for the mass of other objects

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80
Q

What is the center of gravity (CoG)/ center of mass (CoM)?

A

The hypothetical point at which all mass appears to be concentrated. The point at which gravity appears to act on an object

81
Q

What is the line of gravity (LoG)?

A

The vector quantity representing force of gravity on an object at its center of gravity

82
Q

The line of gravity is always directed ___ toward the center of the earth

A

The line of gravity is always directed vertically downward toward the center of the earth

83
Q

Each individual body segment may be considered with respect to ____ segmental CoG

A

Each individual body segment may be considered with respect to its own segmental CoG

84
Q

___ body segments may be combined with a resulting segmental CoG being considered

A

Adjacent body segments may be combined with a resulting segmental CoG being considered

85
Q

Rearranging the segments being considered collectively, results in ___

A

Rearranging the segments being considered collectively, results in a shift in the resulting segmental center of gravity

86
Q

CoG of human body lies approximately anterior to __

A

CoG of human body lies approximately anterior to S2

87
Q

LoG extends vertically toward the center of the earth from the
CoG, with its magnitude being equal to ____

A

LoG extends vertically toward the center of the earth from the
CoG, with its magnitude being equal to the weight of the individual

88
Q

Rearrangement of body segments will change the location of the ___ and ___

A

Rearrangement of body segments will change the location of the CoG and LoG

89
Q

____ is defined by the part or parts of the body that are in contact with the ground

A

*Base of support BoS is defined by the part or parts of the body that are in contact with the ground

90
Q

____ is maintained when the LoG is maintained within the BoS

A

Stability is maintained when the LoG is maintained within the BoS

91
Q

The larger the ___ the greater the stability

A

The larger the BoS the greater the stability

92
Q

The closer the ___ is to the

BoS, the greater the stability

A

The closer the CoG is to the

BoS, the greater the stability

93
Q

Stability is compromised if the

___ is not located with the BoS

A

Stability is compromised if the

LoG is not located with the BoS

94
Q

Redistribution of mass shifts the location of the ___within the
___

A

Redistribution of mass shifts the location of the CoG within the BoS

95
Q

Shift in CoG is proportional to the change in __

A

Shift in CoG is proportional to the change in mass

96
Q

CoG shifts ___ mass that is added

A

CoG shifts TOWARD mass that is added

97
Q

CoG shifts ___ from mass that is removed

A

CoG shifts AWAY from mass that is removed

98
Q

Redistribution of mass can occur due to the changes in the internal mass as with ____ or with external mass as with _____

A

Redistribution of mass can occur due to the changes in the internal mass as with weight gain/loss or amputation or with external mass as with the use of a cast, brace or prosthesis

99
Q

CoG shifts occur in what dimension?

A

CoG shifts occur in 3-dimension

100
Q

What are ways to improve stability?

A
  • Expanding the BoS. Ex: AD
  • Bringing the LoG closer to the center of BoS
  • Training to improve stability
101
Q

How can the size and arrangement of BoS by manipulated?

A
  • Bilateral stance

- Unilateral stance

102
Q

What are the things that can happen in the bilateral stance of BoS manipulation?

A
  • Feet apart
  • Feet together
  • Tandem stance: placing one foot directly in front of the other to inc stability in one plane and decrease it in another plane
103
Q

The __ the BoS, the ___ the demands to maintain stability

A

The smaller the BoS, the greater the demands to maintain stability

104
Q

A tandem stance may increase stability in the ___ plane but reduce it in the ___ plane

A

A tandem stance may increase stability in the sagittal plane but reduce it in the frontal plane

105
Q

What is the primary concern of kinetics?

A

The understanding of the effects that the forces will have on the body or body segments

106
Q

____ occurs when all forces acting upon the body or body segments are balanced

A

Equilibrium occurs when all forces acting upon the body or body segments are balanced

107
Q

___ occurs when all forces acting upon the body or body segments are not in balance

A

Acceleration occurs when all forces acting upon the body or body segments are not in balance

108
Q

What is statics?

A

The study of conditions under which objects remain in equilibrium

109
Q

What is dynamics?

A

The study of conditions under which objects do not remain in equilibrium

110
Q

____ identifies conditions under which objects will be in equilibrium

A
  • The law of inertia* identifies conditions under which objects will be in equilibrium
111
Q

Equilibrium requires ___

A

Equilibrium requires that the sum of all forces and torques applied to an object be equal to 0

112
Q

What is inertia?

A

The property of an object that
resists both the initiation of
linear motion and a change in
linear motion

113
Q

Inertia is directly proportional to the ___

A

Inertia is directly proportional to the mass of an object

114
Q

The moment of inertia is the

____

A

The moment of inertia is the
property of an object that
resists rotatory motion and
changes in rotatory motion

115
Q

What are the 2 types of equilibrium?

A

Static and Dynamic equilibrium

116
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

The state of an object that is acted upon by balanced forces or torques and remains motionless

117
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

The state of an object that is acted upon by balanced forces or torques and remains in uniform motion with constant speed and direction

118
Q

___ equilibrium can involve linear, rotatory, or general motion and occurs very infrequently with segments of the human body

A

Dynamic equilibrium can involve linear, rotatory, or general motion and occurs very infrequently with segments of the human body

119
Q

____ defines the magnitude of acceleration of a moving object

A

Law of acceleration defines the magnitude of acceleration of a moving object

120
Q

Acceleration of an object is proportional to ____

A

Acceleration of an object is proportional to the net forces or torques acting upon the object

121
Q

Acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the ___

A

Acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the mass or moment of inertia of that object

122
Q

Because an object acted upon by a net unbalanced force
or torque must be accelerating, it is invariably in motion
or in a ____ state

A

Because an object acted upon by a net unbalanced force
or torque must be accelerating, it is invariably in motion
or in a dynamic state

123
Q

The acceleration of an object will be in the direction of the
____

A

The acceleration of an object will be in the direction of the
net unbalanced force or torque

124
Q

A net unbalanced force will

produce ___ motion

A

A net unbalanced force will

produce translatory motion

125
Q

A net unbalanced torque will

produce ___ motion

A

A net unbalanced torque will

produce rotatory motion

126
Q

What type of motion does a combination of unbalanced

force and torque will produce?

A

General motion

127
Q

Which motion is the most common type of motion in movement?

A

General motion

128
Q

What is the composition of forces?

A

The process used to determine whether a net unbalanced force or forces exist on a segment

129
Q

The composition of forces determines ___

A

The composition of forces determines whether the segment is at rest or in motion

130
Q

When is the term normal force used?

A

When contact forces are perpendicular to the forces that produce them

131
Q

____ forces are always in the same line and applied to the different but contacting objects.

A

Reaction forces are always in the same line and applied to the different but contacting objects.

132
Q

The direction of ___ forces are always opposite to each other because the two touching objects either pull on each other or push on each other

A

The directions of reaction forces are always opposite

to each other because the two touching objects either pull on each other or push on each other

133
Q

___ forces are never part of the same force system and cannot be composed because the two forces are, by definition, applied to different objects

A

Reaction forces are never part of the same force system and cannot be composed because the two forces are, by definition, applied to different objects

134
Q

___ forces are always equal in magnitude, opposite indirection, and applied parallel to the long axis of the object

A

Tensile forces are always equal in magnitude, opposite

indirection, and applied parallel to the long axis of the object

135
Q

____ forces are co-linear, coplanar, and applied to the same object, and are, therefore, part of the same linear force system

A

Tensile forces are co-linear, coplanar, and applied to the same object, and are, therefore, part of the same
linear force system

136
Q

What is a distraction force?

A

A net force that moves a bony segment away from its adjacent bony segment

137
Q

Distraction forces are ___ forces that create separation of joint surfaces

A

Distraction forces are tensile forces that create separation of joint surfaces

138
Q

There must be a minimum of ____ distraction force on each joint segment

A

There must be a minimum of one resultant distraction force on each joint segment

139
Q

Each distraction force must be __ to the joint surfaces, opposite in direction to the distraction force on the adjacent segment and directed away from its joint surface

A

Each distraction force must be perpendicular to the joint surfaces, opposite in direction to the distraction force on the adjacent segment and directed away from its joint surface

140
Q

Joint distraction can be ___ through unequal or opposite acceleration of segments

A

Joint distraction can be dynamic through unequal or opposite acceleration of segments

141
Q

Joint distraction can be ___ when the tensile forces in the tissues that join the segments are balanced by distraction forces of equal or greater magnitude

A

Joint distraction can be static when the tensile forces in the tissues that join the segments are balanced by distraction forces of equal or greater magnitude

142
Q

What are joint reaction forces?

A

Contact forces that result
whenever two or more forces cause contact between
contiguous joint surfaces

143
Q

____ forces create contact between joint surfaces

A

Joint compression forces create contact between joint surfaces

144
Q

The acceleration of the ___ phase of joint distraction is very brief, unless the capsule and ligaments or muscles crossing the joints fail

A

The acceleration of the dynamic phase of joint distraction is very brief, unless the capsule and ligaments or muscles crossing the joints fail

145
Q

What is the ground reaction force?

A

The reaction of the ground with the foot. As the body exerts its force upon the ground, the ground pushes back

146
Q

Joint reaction forces are dependent on the ____

A

Joint reaction forces are dependent on the existence of one force on each of the adjacent joint segments that is perpendicular to and directed towards the joint surface

147
Q

___ forces are the two forces that cause joint reaction forces. There must be a minimum of one on each contiguous joint surfaces

A

Joint compression forces are the two forces that cause joint reaction forces. There must be a minimum of one on each contiguous joint surfaces

148
Q

___ forces are required to push joint surfaces together to produce joint reaction forces

A

Joint compression forces are required to push joint surfaces together to produce joint reaction forces

149
Q

What happens when there is a net compression of joint surfaces resulting in joint reaction forces?

A

The capsule and ligaments at the joint are generally not under tension, as long as all forces are perpendicular to contacting surfaces

150
Q

What are the two components that newton’s law of inertia can be broken down into?

A
  • Sum of vertical forces (Fv) acting on an object in equilibrium must total 0
  • Sum of horizontal forces (Fh) acting on an object in equilibrium must total 0
151
Q

Shear and friction forces exist when ___

A

Shear and friction forces exist when two objects touch

152
Q

What is shear force?

A

Any force or component of a force that has an action line parallel to contacting surfaces or tangential to curved surfaces

153
Q

___ forces creates or limits movement between surfaces

A

Shear forces forces creates or limits movement between surfaces

154
Q

Shear forces are ___ to the component of the contact force that is perpendicular or normal to the contact surface

A

Shear forces are perpendicular to the component of the contact force that is perpendicular or normal to the contact surface

155
Q

What is friction force?

A

Friction force is a force that potentially exist on an object whenever there is a contact force on that object, that is always parallel to contacting surfaces or tangential to curved surfaces that have a direction that is opposite to potential movement

156
Q

What needs to happen for friction to have magnitude?

A

A net shear force that creates or attempts to create movement between objects must exist

157
Q

The magnitude of a friction force on an object is always and only ____

A

The magnitude of a friction force on an object is always and only a function of the magnitude of contact forces between the objects and the slipperiness or roughness of the contacting surfaces

158
Q

The potential friction generated between 2 objects is directly proportional to ____

A

The potential friction generated between 2 object is directly proportional to the contact forces

159
Q

Why can friction forces be considered a special case of shear force?

A

Both forces are parallel to contacting surfaces and perpendicular to contact forces

160
Q

Friction is the shear force that is __ to movement or potential movement

A

Friction is the shear force that is opposite to movement or potential movement

161
Q

What is static friction?

A

Friction force occurring between two objects in contact

that are not moving relative to one another

162
Q

What is kinetic friction?

A

Friction force occurring between two objects in contact

that are moving relative to one another

163
Q

The maximum magnitude of static friction on each object is the product of ___

A

The maximum magnitude of static friction on each object is the product of the coefficient of static friction and the magnitude of contact force on each object

164
Q

What happens to the coefficient of static friction as the contacting surfaces become softer or rougher?

A

It increases

165
Q

Once an object is moving, the magnitude of the force of kinetic friction on the contacting objects is a constant value equal to the product of ___

A

Once an object is moving, the magnitude of the force of kinetic friction on the contacting objects is a constant value equal to the product of contact force and the coefficient of kinetic friction

166
Q

The coefficient of kinetic friction is always ___ than the coefficient of static friction

A

The coefficient of kinetic friction is always smaller than the coefficient of static friction

167
Q

What happens once the shear force has exceeded the maximum value of static friction?

A

The object will move, because of the net unbalanced force that occurs

168
Q

What are pressure ulcers?

A

Localized injuries to the skin and/or underlying tissue
usually over a bony prominence, as a result of
pressure, or pressure in combination with shear

169
Q

___ is a risk factor that may

contribute to or exacerbate pressure ulcer development due to the shear it creates

A

Friction is a risk factor that may contribute to or exacerbate pressure ulcer development due to the shear it creates

170
Q

What are some ways to reduce tissue shear and friction?

A
  • Assist patients in adopting
    stable postures using external
    support when necessary
  • Lower the head of hospital beds to reduce the chances of sliding down
  • Assure proper fit, alignment and support when sitting to reduce the chances of sliding within chairs
  • When repositioning patients, LIFT rather than DRAG a
    patient’s and their body segments
171
Q

What happens when the force applied to an unattached object does not pass through its center of mass?

A

A combination of translation and rotation results

172
Q

What must happen to produce pure rotatory motion?

A

A 2nd force that is parallel to the original force must be applied to the object or segment

173
Q

What is a force couple?

A

Two forces that are equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, parallel and applied to the same object at different points

174
Q

If there are no other forces on an object, a force couple will always produce a ___

A

If there are no other forces on an object, a force couple will always produce a pure rotatory motion

175
Q

Two forces of equal magnitude applied to an object in opposite directions constitute a force couple and will create rotation about a point ___

A

Two forces of equal magnitude applied to an object in opposite directions constitute a force couple and will create rotation about a point midway
between the forces if both
points of application are free
to move

176
Q

Two forces of equal magnitude applied to an object in opposite directions constitute a force couple and will create rotation around the point of ____

A

Two forces of equal magnitude applied to an object in opposite directions constitute a force couple and will create rotation around the point of application of one of the
forces if that point is fixed

177
Q

The strength of rotation produced by a force couple is known as ___/moment of force

A

The strength of rotation produced by a force couple is known as torque/moment of force

178
Q

___ is the perpendicular distance between forces that produce a torque, or moment of force

A

*Moment arm (MA) is the perpendicular distance between forces that produce a torque, or moment of force

179
Q

Torque is the product of ___

A

Torque is the product of the magnitude of one of the forces and the shortest distance

180
Q

The shortest distance in torque is always the ___ distance

A

The shortest distance in torque is always the perpendicular distance

181
Q

What sign is given to a torque that produces clockwise motion? And vice versa

A

A negative sign

182
Q

Torque is directly proportional to both the ____ and the ___

A

Torque is directly proportional to both the magnitude of the
applied force and the distance
between the force couple

183
Q

What is the result of an unbalanced torque?

A

Angular/rotatory acceleration

184
Q

What is the result of a balanced torque?

A

Angular/rotatory equilibrium

185
Q

What are the 3 conditions independently necessary for an object or segment to be completely at rest?

A

The sum of the vertical forces, horizontal forces, and torque must all equal 0

186
Q

Whenever two or more forces applied to the same object are parallel to each other ___ exist

A

Whenever two or more forces applied to the same object are parallel to each other a parallel force system exist

187
Q

What determines the torque generated by each force in a parallel force system?

A

Multiplying the magnitude by its distance/moment arm either from the point of constrain of the segment or an randomly chosen point on the segment as long as point is used in reference to all forces

188
Q

What are considered to be bending moments?

A

The torques or moment of force applied to a particular point on the object

189
Q

What is a bending moment?

A

A torque between two forces that compose a force couple

190
Q

Bending moments on a segment that is not rotating are also known as ____

A

Bending moments on a segment that is not rotating are also known as three point bending

191
Q

____ is sometimes considered a special case or subcategory of a torque whereby a so called torsional force creates/tends to create a rotation of the segment around its long axis

A

Torsional moment is sometimes considered a special case or subcategory of a torque whereby a so called torsional force creates/tends to create a rotation of the segment around its long axis

192
Q

When a force creates a rotation of the body segment around its longitudinal joint axis, the resulting torque produces a ____

A

When a force creates a rotation of the body segment around its longitudinal joint axis, the resulting torque produces a medial or lateral rotatory moment

193
Q

Torsion is used to describe a force on ___

A

Torsion is used to describe a force on a single object rather than on 2

194
Q

Excessive torsional forces in long bones generate a particularly severe fracture called a ___

A

Excessive torsional forces in long bones generate a

particularly severe fracture called a spiral fracture

195
Q

The moment arm of a force is minimum when the _____

A

The moment arm of a force is minimum when the
action line of the force passes through the center of
rotation of the segment to which the force is applied

196
Q

As the moment arm of a force increases, its potential to produce torque ___

A

As the moment arm of a force increases, its potential to produce torque increases

197
Q

The moment arm of a force is maximum when the force is applied at ___

A

The moment arm of a force is maximum when the force is applied at 90 degrees to its segment

198
Q

What is the angle of application of a vector?

A

The angle made by the inner section of the force vector in the segment to which it is applied on the side of the joint axis of consideration

199
Q

Regardless of the magnitude of the angle, the angle of application of force is identified to be on the side of the ___

A

Regardless of the magnitude of the angle, the angle of application of force is identified to be on the side of the joint axis relative to the point of which the force is applied

Therapeutic interventions (8 decks)

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