Week 2

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

Transfer of one meaningful information to another

Question 2

Communication is social because:

Answer 2

Involves interrelationships among people
Requires that people Aquire a shared understanding of words, signs and gestures
Means of influencing and being influenced by others

Question 3

Why do we smile?

Answer 3

Because we are happy, but also to communicate happiness rather than feeling it

Question 4

What are the 6 reasons of smiling?

Answer 4

1. To communicate happiness
2. To mask anger
3. To smooth over a negative situation
4. To soften a criticism
5. To express reluctant compliance
6. To make yourself happier(?)

Question 5

Gaze and eye contact

How much eye contact is made on average when two people are talking?

Answer 5

An average 61% and typically lasts about 3 secs

Question 6

Gaze and eye contact

What is the average time do people’s eyes meet?

Answer 6

31% of the time and for about 1 sec

Question 7

What are the 6 functions served by a gaze?

Answer 7

1. Communicate liking
2. Can communicate whether somebody is listening
3. Can regulate turn taking in conversation
4. Can be used to secretly communicate information (nudge nudge; wink wink)
5. Can be used to indicate aggression or disapproval
6. Can signal power or status

Question 8

Communicate liking

Answer 8

People look at who they like more and people are attracted to people who look at them

Question 9

Communicate whether somebody’s listening

Answer 9

Adults spend 75% of the time gazing when listening and 41% of the time when speaking

Question 10

Regulate turn-taking in conversation

Answer 10

Mutual gaze for initiating conversation
Listeners gaze when they want to talk
Speakers gaze when they’re about to finish speaking

Question 11

Gazing signalling power/status

Answer 11

Visual dominance- gazing more at lower status speaker

Question 12

6 broad functions of touch

Answer 12

1. Communicate positive effect (appreciation, affection)
2. Communicate playfulness and humour
3. Draw attention to yourself or to induce compliance- touch as a control
4. To accomplish tasks (nurse taking pulse)
5. Communicate negative affect (pushing away, slap)
6. Satisfy ritual requirements (hello, goodbye)

Question 13

Sex differences and touch

Answer 13

Men touch women more than women touch men
Women derive more please when being touched, but circumstances are very important
Men are more likely to read sexual connotations into a touch than are women

Question 14

Interpersonal distance

Answer 14

Intimate- up to 0.5m
Friends and acquaintances- 0.5-1.25m
Social- 1.25-4m
Public- 4-8m

Question 15

Liking

Answer 15

Sitting or standing close to somebody indicates liking

Question 16

Status

Answer 16

Interpersonal distance is greater the higher the status

Question 17

Culture for interpersonal distance

Answer 17

Working class, Southern Europeans and children stand closer than non-working class, Northern Europeans and adults

Question 18

Turn-taking and conversation - ending a conversation

Answer 18

Coming to the end of a sentence
Raising or lowering intonation of the last word
Drawing out the last syllable 
Leaving sentence unfinished 
Body language

Question 19

Turn-taking and conversation - resisting butting

Answer 19

Maintain same pitch
Keep head straight 
Keep eyes unchanged 
Same gestures
Speak pilfer and faster

Question 20

Turn-taking and conversation - allowing for someone to continue

Answer 20

Nodding 
Minimal encouragers (mm-hmm, ok, right)

Question 21

Types of social skills

Answer 21

Emotional expressivity
Emotional sensitivity 
Emotional control 
Social expressivity
Social sensitivity 
Social control
Social manipulation

Question 22

Emotional expressivity

Answer 22

Letting others know your emotional state

Question 23

Emotional sensitivity

Answer 23

Being sensitive to other’s emotional states

Question 24

Emotional control

Answer 24

Ability to control emotional expression

Question 25

Social expressivity

Answer 25

Comfortable in social situations

Question 26

Social sensitivity

Answer 26

Influenced by the moods of those around you

Question 27

Social control

Answer 27

Being the leader

Question 28

Social manipulation

Answer 28

Manipulating others to get what you want

Question 29

PONS

Answer 29

Profile of non-verbal sensitivity

Question 30

Trends of PONS

Answer 30

Get better as we get older
Sensitivity predicts success
Sensitivity is compromised among people with psychopathology
Women are more sensitive but worse at detecting deception
Can help with marital satisfaction

Question 31

Mimicry

Answer 31

Copying nonverbals

Question 32

Chameleon effect

Answer 32

Mimicry can be unconscious such as rubbing face, shaking foot, yawning and laughing

Question 33

Communication accomodation theory (CAT)

Answer 33

Converging speech style so that it is more like others

Divergence can be a sign of dislike but too much can be creepy or patronising

Question 34

Self disclosure

Answer 34

Deciding how much personal information is shared with others

Under-disclosure and over-disclosure can be seen as defensive and as a barrier to intimacy

Question 35

Typical self-disclosure

Answer 35

Strong reciprocity effects
Men and women disclose more to women than men
Disclose not to attractive people

Question 36

What is assertion?

Answer 36

Presenting own perspective
Taking responsibility for own attitudes and feelings
Stating opinions as opinions
Leaving choice of response to others

Question 37

Aggression

Answer 37

Dominating others
Forcing others to do what you want
Assuming your feelings/needs are more important
Attacking others
Having others take responsibility for your problems
Throwing tantrums
Being argumentative and uncooperative

Question 38

Function of assertiveness

Answer 38

Overcome barriers, avoid cycles of frustration and anger, share of control of situations and make things better, to share feelings, opinions and experiences