Week 2 Flashcards
What is the function of the right and left auricles?
Extensions of the atria and will fill with blood
If a nere runs anterior to the hilum of thelung what is it?
The phrenic nerve
If a nerve runsposterior to the hilum of the lung what is it?
The vagus nerve
What is the first branch of the aorta
The coronary arteries
Above the aortic valve there are sinuses true or false?
True these are the opening for the coronary arteries
Where would you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?
4th intercostal space left sternal edge
Where would you auscultate for the aortic valve?
2nd intercostal space right sternal edge
Where would you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?
2nd intercostal space left sternal edge
Where would you auscultate for the mitral valve?
5th left intercostal space mid clavicular line
What could you prescribe to a patient presenting with a ventricular tachycardia?
Lidocaine
Disopyramide
Amiodarone
Patient presents with atrial fibrillation, what can you prescribe?
Digoxin (monotherapy)
Then combo therapy 2 of following;
Beta-blocker
Diltiazem
Digoxin
Patient presents with wolff-parkinson white syndrome, what is this? What would you prescribe?
When arrhythmias occur due to an accessory conducting pathway
Flecainide
Amiodarone
What germ layer is the heart derived from?
The ectoderm
In the developing embryo what aortic arch gives rise to the common carotid arteries
3th arch
In the developing embryo what does the truncus arteriosus develop into?
Aorta and pulmonary trunk
In the developing embryo what does the bulbus cordis develop into?
Trabeculated part of the right ventricle
Outflow of both ventricles
In the developing embryo what does the sinus venosus develop into?
Smooth part of the right atrium
Coronary sinus
What is the direction of blood flow through the primitive heart of the embyro
Moves caudal to cranial
Name the components of the heart tube from cranial to caudal
Truncus arteriosus Bulbus cordis Ventricle Atrium Sinus venosus
What are the three layers of the heart
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
What is contained within the endocardium WALL of the heart?
Layers of endothelium
Basal lamina
Collagen fibres
Dense CT
What is contained within the myocardium of the heart?
Cardiac muscle in a fibrous matrix
Striated with intercalated discs
What is contained within the epicardium of the heart?
Outer layer of flattened simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on basal lamina
CT
Adipose
What are the blood vessels that supply large blood vessels called?
Vasa vasorum
Describe the layers of the blood vessel from lumen to outer
Tunica intima (squamous epithelial with basal lamina)
(Internal elastic membrane)
Tunia media (smooth muscle)
(External elastic membrane)
Tunica adventitia (CT
What are the three different types of capillaries? What do the different types allow?
Different permeabilities
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal/ discontinuous
What are pericytes?
Found in capillaries, CT cells that can contract
What is the vertebral level of the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?
T1-T5
What anatomical features distinguish the superior mediastinum?
Anything above T4 and the sternal angle
A nerve runs posterior to the root of the lung and on the surface of the trachea on the right side. What is it?
The vagus nerve
A nerve runs across the arch of aorta moving posterior to the root of the lung on the left side. What is it?
The vagus nerve
What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?
Left anterior descending (LAD)
Left marginal artery and circumflex artery
The right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery? True or false?
True
What are the most commonly used vessels in a coronary arterial bypass graft?
Great saphenous vein
Radial artery
Mammary artery (internal thoracic artery)
What is the arteries supply the nodes and bundle branches
The posterior interventricular artery
LAD
Why is LDL cholesterol considered ‘bad’
If there is excess LDL it will enter a damaged artery wall to become oxidised, these will then become engulfed by monocytes forming a fatty streak, inflammatory substances are then released causing deposition of collagen and the formation of a plaque.
Why is HDL considered the good cholesterol?
As it transports excess cholesterol from cells to the liver (only liver can break it down)
What is the healthy range for total cholesterol ?
Healthy range for HDL cholesterol
Less than 5mmol/l
Less than 3mmol/l
What causes aneurysms?
Abnormal persistent dilation of the blood to the weakening in a vessel wall. Anything that causes inflammation e.g syphilis, mycotic infection, congenital disease,
What is aortic dissection?
Split of the aortic artery 2cm above the AV valve causing blood to fill in the vessel wall
Someone presents tall, thin, long arms/ legs/fingers/ toes, flexible joints and with an aortic dissection
What disorder does this person have?
Marfans syndrome
