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JL Neurology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the embryonic division telencephalon mature to?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

What does the embryonic division diencephalon mature to?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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3
Q

What does the embryonic division mesencephalon mature to?

A

Midbrain

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4
Q

What does the embryonic division Metencephalon mature to?

A

Pons, cerebellum

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5
Q

What does the embryonic division myelencephalon mature to?

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

What cells are more numerous in the CNS than neurons?

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

What type of glial cell has roles in support, maintaining blood brain barrier, environmental homeostasis?

A

Astrocytes (star shaped)

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8
Q

What cells produce myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

What type of glial cell are of similar lineage to macrophages and are involved in immune monitoring and antigen presentation?

A

Microglia

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10
Q

What type of glial cells are ciliated cuboidal/columnar epithelium that line the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells

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11
Q

In the cerebellum, what is equivalent to a gyrus in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Folium

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12
Q

In the brain is the grey matter on the inside or outside?

A

Outside

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13
Q

What type of matter has huge numbers of neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells?

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

What type of matter has axons (most myelinated and their support cells)?

A

White matter

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15
Q

In the spinal cord is the grey matter on the inside or outside?

A

Inside

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16
Q

What matter in the spinal cord has horns?

A

Gray matter

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17
Q

What love is anterior to the central sulcus and superior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Frontal lobe

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18
Q

What lobe is posterior to the central sulcus, superior to the lateral sulcus and anterior to a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the preoccipitial notch?

A

Parietal lobe

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19
Q

What lobe is inferior to the lateral sulcus and posteriorly by a line from the parieto-occipital sulcus and the preoccipital notch?

A

Temporal lobe

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20
Q

Where is the hidden lobe found and what does it do?

A

Underneath layers of brain

Role to play in patients experience of pain

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21
Q

What other nervous system (CNS, PNS) must we not forget?

A

Enteric nervous system - from oesophagus to rectum

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22
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain to?

A

Into internal jugular vein

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23
Q

At what sections are the two enlargmenets of the spinal cord?

A

cERVICAL AND LUMBAR

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24
Q

Once the spinal cord terminates in the conus medullaris, what does it continue as?

A

Filum terminale - anchored to dorsum of coccyx

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25
Q

What is the spinal cord suspended in teh canal by?

A

Ribbon of tissue on lateral aspects called denticulate ligament

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26
Q

Where does the small central canal extending the lenmgth of the spnal cord open up into?

A

The 4th ventricle

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27
Q

What do the posterior, lateral and anterior fasciculi make up?

A

White matter in spinal cord

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28
Q

What three major longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

One anterior and two posterior that originate from vertebral arteries

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29
Q

The segmental arteries that supply spinal cord are derived from what?

A

Vertebral arteries
Intercostal arteries
Lumbar arteries

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30
Q

What arteries travel along the dorsal and ventral roots?

A

Radicular arteries

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31
Q

What side of the cortex is the left side of the body represented on?

A

Right

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32
Q

What column/system controls fine touch and conscious proprioception?

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscus system

33
Q

What column/system carries pain, temperature and deep pressure?

A

Spinothalamic tract

34
Q

What descending column/tract controls fine, precise movement particularly of distal limb muscles?

A

Corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

35
Q

What can a CVA of the internal capsule result in?

A

A lack of descending control of the corticospinal tract

36
Q

What tract has input mostly to cervical segments and is thought to mediate reflex head and neck movement due to visual stimuloi?

A

Tectospinal tract

37
Q

What forms the central core of the brainstem?

A

Rericular formation

38
Q

In relation to the reticulospinal tract what do fibres originating in the pons facilitate?

A

Extensor movements and inhibit flexor movements.

Those originating in the medulla do the opoosite.

39
Q

What tract has excitatory input to antigravity exgtensor muscles?

A

Vestibulosponal tract

40
Q

What tract is thought to play an important role in patients exhibiting decerebrate rigidity and paraplegia in extension?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

41
Q

What syndrome results from lateral hemisectio n of the cord?

A

Brown sequard syndrome

42
Q

What part of brainstem does CN V come from?

A

Pons

43
Q

What is the name of the stripe going straight down cerebellum?

A

Vermis

44
Q

What three layers make up cerebellar cortex?`

A

Outer - molecular layer
Middle - purkinje cells
Inner - granular layer

45
Q

From all three lobes of the cerebellum, the only output is via what?

A

Axons of purkinje cells which mainly synapse on neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei

46
Q

What side of the body do cerebellar hemispheres influence?

A

Ipsilateral

47
Q

What does bilateral cerebellar dysfunction reslut in?

A

sLOWED, slurred speech, bilateral incoordination of arms and staggering, wide based gait.

48
Q

What exposure typically results in bilateral cerebellar hemispheere dysfunctin and presents with cerebellar ataxia?

A

Acute alcohol exposure

49
Q

What would a midline lesion in the cerebellum cause?

A

Disturbance of posural control

50
Q

What are the three functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. Facilitate purposeful movement
  2. Inhibit unwanted movements
  3. Role in posture and muscle tone
51
Q

What is the term for a number of masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Basal ganglia

52
Q

The lenticualr nucleus is part of the basal ganglia - what makes it up?

A

Putamen (more medial) and globus pallidus

53
Q

The corpus striatum is part of the basal ganglia - what makes it up?

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

54
Q

What else makes up the basal ganglia other than caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus?

A

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigr

55
Q

What side of the body do unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect?

A

Contralateral side of body

56
Q

Lesions of what in the brain cause the following motor signs - changes in muscle tone, dyskinesias, tremor, chorea and myoclonus

A

Basal ganglion dysfunction

57
Q

Akinesia, rigidity and resting tremor?

A

Parkinsons disease

58
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder, progressive degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex, chorea and progressive demenita?

A

Huntingtons dsiease

59
Q

All cranial nerves exit anteriorly except?

A

CN IV

60
Q

What is the only sensory modality that does not spase in the thalamus before reaching the cortex?

A

Olfactory nerve

61
Q

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with proprioception info from chewing muscles?

A

Mesencphalic nuclesu

62
Q

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with discrimitaive touch and vibration?

A

Pontine trigmenial nuclues

63
Q

What trigeminal sensory nuclei deals with pain and temp?

A

Spinal nucleus

64
Q

What CN IX nucleues deals with stylopharyngesu mucles?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

65
Q

What nyucleus deals with tase?

A

Solitary nucleus

66
Q

What tract is the part of the pyramidal tract that is motor to cranial nerves?

A

Corticobulbar tact

67
Q

What two nuclei are important in sound localisation?

A

Superior olivary nucleus

Nucleus of lateral lemniscus

68
Q

In what part of the auditory cortex do low frequency sound fibres end?

A

In anterolateral part

69
Q

In what part of the auditory cortex do high frequency sound fibres end?

A

Posteromedial part

70
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to use language

71
Q

What area in the brain is damaged if patients have difficulty in producing language, often using few words and only say most important one?

A

Brocos area - broca’s motor or expressive aphasia

72
Q

What area of teh brain is damaged when patients have difficulty comprehending language (words out of order to meaningloss words)?

A

Wernickes area - wernickes sensory or receptive aphasia

73
Q

What CN is related to superior colloculus?

A

Oculomotor

74
Q

What side of the gyrus (superior or inferior) is the lower visual field projected to?

A

Superior to calcarine sulcus

75
Q

Where does the macula project to of the visual cortex?

A

Posterior pole

76
Q

In relation to the pupillary light reflex - how do the pretectal fibres project to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

A

Bilaterally

77
Q

What three CNs share the solitary nucleus?

A

CN VII, IX and X

78
Q

What two CNs share nucleus ambiguus?

A

CN IX AND X

JL Neurology (12 decks)

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