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JL Neurology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the neurone receives inputs from other neurones and convey graded electrical signals passively to the soma?

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

What is the synthetic and metabolic centre of the nuerone?

A

Soma - integrates incoming signals that are conducted passively to the axon hillock

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3
Q

Where in a neurone is the site of initiation of the all or none action potential

A

Axon hillock and initial segment

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4
Q

What part of a neurone conducts output signals as actin potentials to other nuerones, mediates transport of materials between the soma and presynaptic terminal and vice versa?

A

Axon

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5
Q

What things exploit retrograde transport to infect neurones?

A

Several viruses

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6
Q

Give an example of a unipolar neurone?

A

Peripheral autonomic neurone

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7
Q

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neurone?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurone

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8
Q

Give an example of a bipolar neurone?

A

Retinal bioplar neurone

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9
Q

Give an example of a multipolar neurone?

A

Lower motor neurone

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10
Q

What has a constant amplitude?

A

Action potentials

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11
Q

What does the distance over which current spread depend on?

A

Mmebrane resistance and axial resistance of the axoplasm

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12
Q

What provides myelin in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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13
Q

What provides myelin in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

What is the term given for when AP leap from one node of ranvier to the next?

A

Saltatory conduction in myelinated axons

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15
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

Axodendritic

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16
Q

What two classifications do synapses fall into?

A

Inhibitory and excitatory

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17
Q

What is the transmitter in excitatory synapses?

A

Glutamate

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18
Q

What is the transmitter in inhibitory synapses?

A

Glycine. aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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19
Q

What transmitter activates cation ( positive) selective receptors?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

What transmitter activates anion selective receptors?

A

Glycine, GABA

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21
Q

Name the three major amino acid neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate, GABA and glycine

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22
Q

What are released from synaptic esicles?`

A

Amino acids and amines

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23
Q

What are released from secretory vesicles?

A

Peptides

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24
Q

What do GABA and amines require to be synthesised by the neurones specifically?

A

Specific enzymes

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25
Q

What direction do K channels flow?

A

Outwards of cells (hyperpolarisation, inhibitory)

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26
Q

What shape are glutamate receptor channels?

A

Tetramers

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27
Q

What shape are GABA, glycine and nicorinic ACh gates channels?

A

Pentamers

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28
Q

What is the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

Modulation of neurotransmission (e.g. presynaptic inhibition (inhibition of Ca channels))

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29
Q

What channel is operated in ionotropic GABA a receptors?

A

Cl channels

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30
Q

What channel is operated in metabotropic GABA b receptors?

A

Potassium channel

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31
Q

Which is slower - ionotropic receptors or metabotropic (gprotein couples) receptors?

A

Metabotropic

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32
Q

Because the slow actions of metabotropic receptors (gprotein couples) cannot trigger APs - what do they do instead

A

Modulate synaptic actions

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33
Q

In relation to a graded potential - what can increase the amplitude and allow it to travel further?

A

Soidum

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34
Q

Give an example of a strategy to increase quantal (neurotransmitter) release - extensive innervation?

A

Purkinje cell - inferior olivary neuron synapse

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35
Q

In relation to the somatosensory system: what do low threshold units respond to?

A

Low intensity - non-damaging and non-painful stimli

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36
Q

In relation to the somatosensory system: what do high threshold units (nociceptors) respond to?

A

High (noxious, potentially damaging) stimuli

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37
Q

What response do strethc receptors give?

A

Slow adapting tonic/static

38
Q

What response does hair follicle afferents give?

A

Rapidly adapting phasic/dynamic

39
Q

What type of axon from skin is thick and involved in proprioceptors of skeletal muscles?

40
Q

What type of axons from skin are mechanoreceptors of skin?

41
Q

What type of axons from skin are pain, temperature?

42
Q

What type of axons from skin are temperature, pain and itch?

43
Q

What term is given to the region that when stimulated with adequate stimulus causes a response in that afferent neurone?

A

Receptive field

44
Q

What can be said about regions with the highest discriminative capacity?

A

They have the smallest receptive fields (finger tips)

45
Q

Where are krause end bulbs found?

A

At the border of dry skin and mucous membranes

46
Q

Where are ruffini endings found?

A

Within dermis and also joint capsules

47
Q

What fibre group is C mechanoreceptor involved in stroking, social and erotic touch?

A

Fibre group C

48
Q

What name is given to the area of skin innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a single segment?

49
Q

What is shingles due to infection of?

A

Dorsal root ganglion neurones

50
Q

What fibre class are nociceptors and where do they terminate?

A

A-delta/C

Terminate in laminae I and II

51
Q

What fibre class are LTMs and where do they terminaste?

A

A-beta

Terminate in laminae III - IV

52
Q

What fibre class are proprioceptors and where do they terminate?

A

A-alpha

Terminate in laminae VII - IX

53
Q

In the dorsal column medial leminscal pathway - (proprioception [Aalpha] and mechanoreceptors [Abeta]) where does decussation occur?

54
Q

In the spinothalamic tract (pain, thermosensation [c/delta]) where does decussation occur?

A

At all levels of spinal cord, close to point of entry

55
Q

What does the dorsal column consist of?

A

Medial fasciculus gracilis and lateral fasciculus cuneatus

56
Q

What dorsal column does sesnsory input to T6 and below travel in?

A

Medial fasciculus gracilis

57
Q

What dorsal column does sensory input to above T6 travel in?

A

Lateral fasciculus cuneatus

58
Q

Whast is the major route in which touch and proprioceptive information ascents to the cerebral cortex?

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscal

59
Q

What is general somatic information from the anterior head mediated by?

A

Two trigeminothalamic pathways

60
Q

Central terminals of the trigeminal nerve sypnase upon second order neurones in what two nuclei?

A

Chief sensory - general tactile stimuli

Spinal nucleus - pain, temperature

61
Q

Once central terminals of trigeminal nerve have synpased on either chief sensory nucleus or spinal nucleus - they then decussate and project where?

A

To the ventroposteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus

62
Q

What is located in the post central gyrus of the parietal cortex, immediately posterior to the central sulcus and adjacent to the posterior parietal cortex?

A

The somatosenosry cortex (SI)

63
Q

What Brodman areas make up the somatosensory cortex?

A

1, 2, 3a and 3b

64
Q

What does the somatosensory cortex receive input from?

A

The VP thalamus

65
Q

In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 3a?

A

proprioceptors (muscle spindles)

66
Q

In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 3b?

A

Cutaneous and RA receptors (touch

67
Q

In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 1

A

Cutaneous RA mechanoreceptors (texture discrimination)

68
Q

In the somatosensory cortex - what inputs into BA 2

A

Joint afferents, golgi tendon organs, deep tissues (object perception)

69
Q

What does scaling the body surface to the volume of SI cortex devoted to hte representation of a body part give rise to?

A

Homunculus

70
Q

What do adjacent strips of the somatosensory cortex map?

A

The same parts of the body in parallel to eac other. Maps are mirror images of each other

71
Q

If a finger (D3) is amputated what happens to the area of somatosensory cortex representing the finger?

A

Utlised by other sensory inputs such as adjacent digits D2 and D4

72
Q

What cortex receives and integrates information from somatosensory cortex and other cortical areas (visual, auditory) and subcortical areas (thalamus)?

A

Posterior parietal cortex

73
Q

Damage to the right parietal cortex can cause what syndrome?

A

Neglect syndrome

74
Q

What are the three types of pain?

A
  1. Sensory - discriminative
  2. Cognitive - evaluative
  3. Affective - emotional
75
Q

What is the difference between nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain?

A

Nociceptive - appropriate physiologic response to painful stimuli
Neuropathic - inappropritate response caused by a dysfunction in nervous system

76
Q

Give a few causes of neuropathic pain?

A
  1. Shingles
    2/ Surgery
  2. Diabetic neuropathy
77
Q

Name two non-opiod analgesics?

A

NSAIDS

Paracetamol

78
Q

Name 4 opiod analgesics?

A
  1. Tramadol
  2. Codeine
  3. Morphine
  4. Oxycodone
79
Q

Name two antidepressant adjucants?

A

Amytriptyline

Duloxetine

80
Q

Name two anticonvulsant adjucants?

A
  1. Gabapentin

2. Pregabalin

81
Q

Name two topical analgesic adjucants?

A

Capsaicin

Lidocaine 5% plaster

82
Q

What type of pain do non-opid analgesics act on?

A

Nociceptive pain

83
Q

How do non-opiod analgeiscs (NSAIDS) work?

A

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthesis decreases

84
Q

What type of pain do opiod analgeiscs act on?

A

Nociceptive, only partially effective in neuropathic pain

85
Q

Name some side effects of weak opiods?

A

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, dizziness, somnolence, dry skin and itch

86
Q

What type of pain are antidepressants used for?

A

Neuropathic - CRPS, tension headache

87
Q

How do antidepressants work for pain?

A

Inhibition of neuronal reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT)

88
Q

Name some side effects of antidepressents?

A

Constipation, dry mouth, somnolence, heart rate, insomnia, increased appetite

89
Q

What type of pain are anticonvuldsants used for?

A

Neuropathic pain

90
Q

Some side effects of anticonvulsants?

A

Sedation, dizziness, ataxia, peripheral oedema, nausea, weight gain

91
Q

What do topical analgesics reduce pain impulses transmitted by?

A

A-delta fibres

C-fibres

JL Neurology (12 decks)

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