Anatomy Flashcards
In multipolar neurones - where are the cell bodies found?
In the CNS
In unipolar neurones - where are the cell bodies found?
In PNS (dorsal root ganglion)
What are a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?
Nucleus
What are a collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?
Ganglion
What are the three special sensory CNs?
CN I, CN II and CN VIII
What are the four motor CNs?
CN IV, VI, XI and XII
What do spinal nerves supply?
The soma
From teh intervertebral foramina what do spinal nerves connect with the structures of the soma via?
Rami
What nerve comes out above C2?
C2
What nerve comes out above T4?
T3
Where do all sensory axons pass from the spinal nerve to?
The posterior root then into posterior rootleys, then into posterior horn of spinal cord
What si the location of cell bodies of primary afferent neurpnes?
Dorsal root ganglion
Where does crossover in the corticospinal tract occur?
In medulla
What segment is the male nipple?
T4
What segment is the umbilicus?
T10
What spinal nerve segments cover posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?
C2-C4
What spinal nerve segments cover upper limb?
C5-T1
What are networks of intertwined anterior rami called?
Plexuses
What is a myotome?
Myotome of each spinal nerve is the skeletal muscles suppled with motor innervation by both the anterior and posterior ramus of that spinal nerve
Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cords?
T1-L2
Only what segments of the spinal cord have lateral horns?
T1-L2 - for cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurones in the chain
Name a ganglion in the sympathetic outflow?
Paravertebral ganglion of sympathetic trunk
In the sympathetic outflow - what roots/rootlets does presynpatic axons leave?
Anterior
In relation to the sympathetic outflow and the heart - where do presynaptic axons synapse?
In T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia
In relation to the sympathetic outflow and the lungs - where do presynaptic axons synapse?
In the upper throacic paravertebral ganglia
In relation to the sympathetic outflow and abdominopelvic organs - where does the presynaptic axons synapse?
In one of the prevertebral ganglia
In relation to the sympathetic outflow and adrenal medulla - where do presynaptic axons go?
Pass through the aorticorenal ganglion to synapse directly onto the adrenaline/noradrenaline secreting cells of adrenal medulla
What do the skin dimples on the back indicate the positions of?
Posterior superior iliac spines
List the four main extrinsic back muscles?
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- Levator scapulae
- 2 x rhomboids
The intrinsic back muscles move the spine - what are they/
Erector spinae (superficial) Transversospinalis (deep)
What are two muscles of posterior abdominal wall?
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
Extension of the spine is a function of what muscles?
Intrinsic bakc muscles
Flexion of the spine is the function of what muscles?
Psoas major and rectus abdominis
How many vertebrae in coccyx?
4
What is pain from facet joint transmitted via?
Posterior rami
Are there intervertebral discs bvetween C1 and C2?
no
What vertebraes all have a foramen in each transverse process?
Cervical - passage of vertebral arteries
In the sacrum what is there instead of intervertebral foraminae?
Anterior and posterior sacral foraminae
What is the palpable inferior end of the spinal canal?
Sacral hiatus
What is the internal capsule a common location of?
CVA
What dermatome is the C1 spinal nerve supply?
None - has no significant cutaneous sensory axons
C2 dermatome?
Back of scalp and adams apple
Dermatome supplying back of neck and jugular notch?
C3
C4 dermatome?
Clavicle and shoulder tip
C5 dermatome?
Badge patch
What dermatome supplies the thumb?
C6
What dermatome supplies the middle finger?
C7
C8 dermatome?
Little finger
Medial forearm supplying dermatome?
T1
What dermatome supplies medial arm and sternal angle?
T2
T4 dermatome?
Male nipple
T8 dermatome?
Xiphoid process
T10 dermatome?
Umbilixus
T12 dermatome?
Pubic symphysis
L1 dermatome?
Groin - hands in pockets
What dermatome supplies anterior thigh?
L2
What dermatome supples the knee (anterior)
L3
L4 dermatome?
Medial malleolus
L5 dermatome?
Dorsum of foot
What dermatome supplies the heel?
S1
What dermatome supplies the posterior knee?
S2
S3 dermatome?
Buttock
S4 dermatome?
Perineum
S5 dermatome?
Perianal skin
What are the nerve roots for the femoral nerve?
L2, L3 and L4
Posteriorly, what spinal nerves supply neck and scalp skin?
Posterior rami of spinal nerves C2-C8
What is the nerve point of the neck?
Midpoint of posterior border of SCM
What forms the cervical plexus?
Anterior rami of C1, C2, C3 and C4
What does the lesser occipital nerve (C2) supply?
Skin posterior to the external ear
What does the great auricular nevre supple (C2,3)?
Skin over angle of mandible and some of external ear
What supplies skin over anterior neck?
Transverse cervical (C2,3)
What nerves supply skin over clavicle and the shoulder tip, the latter explains referred pain from diaphragm to shoulder?
Supraclavicular nerve C3,C4
What nerves are not involved in plexus formation?
Anterior rami of T2-T12
What nerves supply the lower anterolateral trunk wall?
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves - formed from the bifurcation of anterior ramus of L1
What supplies upper anterolateral trunk wall?
Intercostal nerves - anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T11
What is the name of T12 spinakl nerve?
subcostal nerve
What rami suply the posterior parts of teh back dermatomes - closest to the spine?
Posterior rami
What do T1 and T2 anterior rami get referred pain from?
Myocardium
What supplies the anatomical snuff box?
Cutaneous branches of radial nerve
What are nerve roots of radial nerve/?
(C5), C6, C7, C8, (T1)
What nerbe roots of ulnar nerve?
(c7), C8, T1
What nerve roots are median nerve?
(C5), C6, C7, C8, T1
L1, L2?
Genitofemoral nerve
L2, L3?
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
S1, 2, 3?
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Obturator nerve?
L2,3,4
L4, L5, S1?
Superficial fibular nerve
L5?
Deep fibular nerve
L4 - S3?
Tibial nerve
Where is rhe upper motor neurone cell body found?
Within the primary somatomotor cortex of the precentral gyrus
What msucles does cervical plexus C1-C4 supply?
Neck postural an strap muscles, diaphragm
What muscles does brachial plexus supply?
Upper limb, extrinsic back muscles
What muscles do T2-L3 motor axons supply?
Postural back muscles
Inercostal muscles
anterolateral abdominal wall muslces
What muscles does lumbosacral plexus supply L1-S4?
Mulces of lower limb
Perineal skeletal muscles