Week 2/3-neurons Flashcards
Name and describe functions for diagram of neuron
Nucleus: characteristics of cell (contain DNA)
Axon: Efferent (transmit) to other neurons or target organs
Myelin sheath: insulates, protects nerve fibre + aids in speed up nerve conduction
Dendrites
many branches, Afferent (receive) from other cells via synaptic sites through its specialized receptors
Nodes of ranvier:
What are cranial nerves?
part of the PNS
-emerging directly from the brain and brainstem to exchange info bwn brain and mainly head and neck. -Each is paired and present on both sides.
Which cranial nerves are relevant for speech and language?
Trigeminal Nerve (V): Controls jaw muscles
Facial Nerve (VII): Controls facial muscles
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): contributes to soft palate elevation and pharynx movement.
Vagus Nerve (X): Controls the vocal cords in the larynx
Accessory Nerve (XI): Assists in head and neck movement
Hypoglossal Nerve (XII): Controls tongue movement
How is trigeminal nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Controls jaw muscles for articulation and mastication, enabling precise movements for clear speech.
-V
How is facial nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Controls facial muscles for expression, lip movement, and articulation.
-VII
How is Glossopharyngeal nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Aids in resonance and phonation by contributing to soft palate elevation and pharynx movement.
-IX
How is Vagus nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Controls the vocal cords in the larynx for phonation, resonance, and swallowing, playing a crucial role in producing sound and intonation.
-X
How is Accessory nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Assists in head and neck movement, indirectly supporting speech posture and resonance.
-XI
How is hypoglossal nerve relevant for speech language? provide number.
Controls tongue movement, crucial for articulation and clear pronunciation.
-XII
Describes the hemispheres of the brain
-Contralateral hemispheres (left and right hemispheres)
-opposite side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
-symmetrical for most functions, excepting language
Describe the 4 locations/lobes of the brain
-Frontal = voluntary control of skeletal muscles
-Parietal = perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, temperature
-Temporal =perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli (conscious)
-Occipital = perception of visual stimuli (conscious)
Describe Broca’s area and it’s relationship to language functions
Define Broca’s aphasia/it’s characteristics.
-in left frontal lobe (in right-handed individuals).
-Contains motor neurons for speech control (motor cortex).
-Broca’s aphasia (agrammatic): laboured speech, word finding difficulties, inflection omissions
Describe Wernicke’s area and it’s relationship to language functions
Define Wernicke’s aphasia/it’s characteristics.
-in upper temporal lobe of left hemisphere
-lies close to auditory cortex.
-Wernicke’s aphasia (severe): fluent speech, semantically incoherent, difficulty naming things, lexical errors
Describe angular gyrus and it’s relationship to language functions.
What may come as result of damage?
-Located in the parietal lobe, near the temporal lobe.
-Associates perceived words with images, sensations, and ideas.
-Crucial for translating written words into internal monologue.
-Damage may cause anomia (word-finding difficulties) and writing issues.
Describe visual cortex and it’s relationship to language functions.
What may come as result of damage?
-Located in/around calcarine fissure in occipital lobe.
-processes visual info.
-Includes written language, and visual cues in spoken language
Describe arcuate fasciculus and it’s relationship to language functions.
What may come as result of damage?
-bundle of axons connecting caudal temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex to the frontal lobe.
-Links Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.
-Damage can affect short-term memory of new words and speech sounds.
Describe the evidence of split brains theory
-Severed corpus callosum results in no communication bwn hemispheres, appear independent.
-individual with closed eyes:
.An item in the left hand cannot be named (but can be used).
.An item in the right hand can be both used and named.
-Conclusion: The left hemisphere is essential for language.
Describe evidence of dichotic listening theory
-Participants hear two different sounds simultaneously through earphones (e.g., “curl” in the left ear, “girl” in the right ear).
-When asked to report what they hear, participants are more frequently correct with linguistic sounds, indicating that the left hemisphere specializes in processing these, rather than all sounds.
Describe evidence for event-related potentials theory
electrical signals emitted from the brain in response to different stimuli.
-E.g. The left hemisphere has greater response to speech
