Week 1-communication Flashcards
Define communication providing examples. What is required for communication to occur?
active multimodal means of exchanging information, feelings, or ideas between participants e.g. speech, gestures, drawing
required:
-communicative competence (appropriate use of language in interaction)
-communicative interaction i.e. receiver (decoder) and sender (encoder)
-involves sending info (encoding), transmitting and comprehending (decoding)
Define language and it’s facts/components. Explain each fact/component
a code or conventional system which uses symbols (phonemes) that carry meaning (symbolic)
-bound by finite rules (socially accepted)
-arbitrary (rules are not based on anything)
-always changing (can be made from existing languages)
Define speech. What else does it concern than just oral?
Verbal/oral expression of language utilising sounds (physical act)
-execution requires precise coordination of muscle to make sounds
-also concerns: voice quality, intonation, rate
What are the 5 key features of language. Describe/define them.
Arbitrary: No inherent connection bwn words and their meanings
Symbolic: Words and symbols represent ideas or objects
Creative: Infinite sentences formed from limited set of rules and vocab
Discrete: Language consists of distinct units that can be combined
Displacement: Ability to discuss things not present in immediate context, such as past or future events
What is linguistic competence
Linguistic knowledge
-What we know
-Identify when something is not permissible within that language
What is linguistic performance? What limits or guides it
Linguistic behaviour
-How we use linguistic knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension
-We are limited/guided by our: Social environment, Our breath and memory, The listen
Write a brief summary of components of language (name and provide one word definition)
form
-syntax
-morphology (morphemes)
-phonology (phonemes)
content
-semantics
use
-pragmatics
Define syntax (as part of form). What does it allow for? How are sentences organised?
rules for order and combination of words to create a sentence i.e. how words are sequenced and related in utterances
- allow obtain of precise utterance meanings (rules must be followed)
-sentences organised according to function (subject+verb+object)
Define morphology (as part of form)
linguistic rules concern internal struc of words. Govern order/combo of words or smaller units to form other words or sentences
Define phonology. What is meant by phonetics?
rules governing structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds to form words (language specific)
-phonetics: motor analysis of sound systems of a language
Define semantics. What can it represent?
rules governing meaning of words and word combination i.e. content of utterance.
can rep:
-items:chair
-attributes:pretty
-concepts:thought
-actions:drive
Define pragmatics providing examples of choices based on context
rules or appropriate language use within a communication context e.g.
-word choice, amount of speech, topic, eye contact, etc due to setting;
-casual convo, exposition, service encounter, interview
What is meant by prescriptive grammar
Prescribes rather than describes the rules of grammar
-Some ways of speaking are deemed “better” than others, though no language variety is superior.
-All languages are rule-governed, complex, logical, and capable of infinite expression.
What is meant by teaching grammar
Aids learning of a new language or dialect
-contains explicit target-language rules.
-lists words and their pronunciation.
-builds on native language knowledge.
-highlights diffs bwn native language and target grammar
What is meant by Universal grammar (UG)
Rules that represent universal properties of all languages;
-Unique sounds that combine into words, phrases, and sentences.
-grammatical categories like verbs and nouns.
-Structures for negation, questions, commands, and time references.
-Rules allowing infinite sentence generation and comprehension.
