Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Psychological Research > Week 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Week 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five sources of ideas?

A 
1 - Common sense
2 - Observation of the world around us
3 - Theories - a theory consists of a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic or phenomenon
4 - Past research
5 - Practical problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 areas of a lab report?

A

Abstract - summary of research report - 120 words
Introduction - outlines problem investigated
Method - outlines way investigation was undertaken
Results - presents findings - description in a narrative form then statistical language and sometimes tables and graphs
Discussion - applies results to the hypothesis and an application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Belmont report?

A

The Belmont report guides research principles and ethics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe beneficence

A

Research is to maximise benefit and minimise any possible harmful effects of participation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the risk-benefit analysis?

A

The calculation of potential risks and benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are risks?

A

Psychological or physical harm or loss of confidentiality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is autonomy?

A

Participants are treated as autonomous - they can make deliberate decisions about whether to participate in research.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Informed consent is when potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information that might influence their decision to participate. Informed consent forms should be in plain language and in the first person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does deception occur?

A

When there is active misrepresentation of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is debriefing?

A

Debriefing occurs after the completion of the study. The researcher should deal with issues of withholding information, deception and potential harmful effects of participation. Debriefing provides the researcher an opportunity to explain the purpose of the study and tell participants what kinds of results are expected and the practical implications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are alternatives to deception?

A

Role-playing - experimenter describes situation to participant and asks them how they would respond
Simulation of a real world situation
Honest experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is justice have to do with ethics?

A

Justice addresses issues of fairness in receiving the benefits of research as well as bearing the burdens of accepting risks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is ethics approval and what are the general levels?

A

Ethics approval is from a ethics review board.
Exempt research is often research where there is no risk.
Minimal risk - there is no greater risk than encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests.
Greater than minimal risk - a full ethics review is required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a tentative idea or question that is waiting for evidence to support or refute it. Data is then gathered and evaluated to see if it is consistent with the hypothesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three types of validity?

A

1) Construct validity - methods of studying validity are accurate
2) Internal validity - accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect
3) External validity - we can generalise the findings of a study to other settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a variable?

A

Any event, situation, behaviour or individual characteristic that varies. There must be 2 or more levels or values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the operational definition?

A

The set of procedures used to measure or manipulate a variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is construct validity?

A

The adequacy of the operational definition of variables: does the operational definition of a variable actually reflect the true theoretical meaning of the variable?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a positive linear relationship?

A

An increase in the value of one variable is accompanied by an increase in the second variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a negative linear relationship?

A

An increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a curvilinear relationship?

A

An increase in one variable is accompanied by systematic increases and decreases in the values of the other variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

The strength of the relationship between variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the non-experimental method?

A

The relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest.

  • Researcher sets operational definitions for variables
  • Researcher collects data and analyses - tests correlation

Often referred to as observational research and not helpful for causation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the experimental method

A

It involves the direct manipulation and control of variables. It reduces ambiguity of results.

  • One variable is manipulated and the other is measured.
  • Every feature of the environment except the manipulated variable is held constant.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is the non-experimental method not helpful for causation?

A
  • It is difficult to determine cause and effect (i.e. which variable causes the other).
  • Third-variable problem - any variable that is extraneous to the two variables being studied is a third variable. When we know an uncontrolled third variable is operating, it is called a confounding variable.
26
Q

What does randomisation achieve?

A

It ensures that the extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as the other.

27
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable considered to be the cause. It is the variable manipulated by the experimenter and located on the horizontal axis.

28
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The effect. The measured variable and located on the vertical axis.

29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

The prediction of the effect one variable (independent) will have on the other (dependent). Hypothesis needs to be falsifiable.

30
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The ability to draw conclusions about the causal relationships from the results of a study.

31
Q

What is required for internal validity?

A

Temporal precedence - causal variable comes before effect.
Covariation between variables
Eliminate plausible alternative explanations.

32
Q

What is external validity?

A

Results can be generalised to other populations and settings.

33
Q

What are other impacts on experimental methods?

A
  • Labs can create artificial environments that impact on results.
  • Studies can be unethical and therefore need to be non-experimental
  • Participant variables are characteristics of individuals (i.e. gender, age, ethnicity). These are non-experimental.
  • Description of behaviour or prediction of future behaviour.
34
Q

What is reliability?

A

The consistency or stability of a measure of behaviour.

35
Q

What does r stand for?

A

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

36
Q

What is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient?

A

r - ranges from -1 to +1. A correlation of 0 means no relationship. The closer to 1 the stronger the relationship.

37
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

It is assessed by measuring the same individual at two points in time. For most measures, correlation should be at least .80.

38
Q

What is internal consistency reliability?

A

The assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time.

39
Q

What is split-half reliability?

A

The correlation of total score on one half of the test with the other half.

40
Q

What is Cronbach’s alpha?

A

It provides an average of all split-half reliability coefficients.

41
Q

What are item-total correlations?

A

It examines the correlations of each item score with the total score based on all items.

42
Q

What is interrater reliability?

A

When there are 2 observers, it is the extent to which they agree in their observations. Cohen’s Kappa - has a range of -1 (perfect disagreement) to +1 (perfect agreement).

43
Q

What measures construct validity?

A 
Face validity
Content validity
Predictive validity
Concurrent validity
Convergent validity
Discriminate validity
44
Q

What is face validity?

A

The content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured.

45
Q

What is content validity?

A

The content of the measure is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct.

46
Q

What is predictive validity?

A

The scores on the measure predict behaviour on a criterion measured at a future time.

47
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

The scores on the measure are related to a criterion measured at the same time.

48
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

The scores on the measure are related to other measures of the same construct.

49
Q

What is discriminant validity?

A

Scores on the measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different.

50
Q

What is reactivity?

A

When awareness of being measured changes an individuals behaviour.

51
Q

What is the operational definition?

A

The specific method used to manipulate or measure the variable.

52
Q

What is a nominal scale?

A

Have no numerical or quantitative properties (i.e. gender)

53
Q

What is an ordinal scale?

A

A rank order of the levels of the variable being studied (i.e. letter grades). Can be ordered from first to last.

54
Q

What are interval and ratio scales?

A

The difference between the numbers on the scale is meaningful and equal in size. Ratio scales have an absolute zero point that indicates the absence of the variable being measured.

55
Q

What is a variable?

A

Characteristics that we can record about our objects of study

56
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Can be divided into smaller increments

57
Q

What is discrete?

A

Number of something

58
Q

What is dichotomous?

A

Only two possible variables (yes/no)

59
Q

What is a ratio scale of measurement?

A

Equal intervals, twice the number = twice the amount. An absolute zero

60
Q

What is an interval scale of measurement?

A

Equal intervals but twice the number does not = twice the amount. No absolute zero.

61
Q

What is an ordinal scale of measurement?

A

Rank order but unequal intervals.

62
Q

What is a nominal scale of measurement?

A

Classification or categorisation only (i.e. Male/Female).

Intro to Psychological Research (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions