Week 2 Flashcards
What refers to the study of the occurrence of and distribution of health related states or events in specialized populations?
A: nosology
B: epidemiology
C: susceptibility
D: biological plausibility
B
Who is believed to be the first person to notice and record the relationship between the environment and health?
A: Labonté
B: nightingale
C: Epp
D: Hippocrates
D
A nurse is working with the school-aged population during the prepathogenesis period. What primary prevention activity would promote the health of this population?
A: case finding children who may have been exposed to a teacher with hep A
B: teaching handwashing and respiratory hygiene
C: Providing antimicrobials for newly diagnosed contacts
D: advocating for testing of STIs at a school based clinic
B
A nurse is working with a student nurse and explains that 12% of deaths were from colorectal cancer in 2010. What word is used to describe this type of statistical information?
A: Crude mortality
B: Relative Risk
C: Prevalence
D: Proportional mortality
D
What statistic is used to answer the question “how likely am I to die from this disease?”
A: case-fatality rate
B: Specific mortality rate
C: relative risk
D: incidence
A
A nurse in a large urban centre is working to provide secondary prevention. What action is the best example of this goal?
A: providing varicella immune globulin to appropriate children after a classmate is diagnosed with chickenpox
B: screening mammography for the early detection of breast cancer
C: routinely immunizing 1 year old children for measles, mumps, and rubella
D. TB testing exposed students at a high school after a student is diagnosed with TB
A (but also B I think…)
What is an example of direct transmission?
A: inhaling a droplet from a sneeze
B: shaking a contaminated hand
C: Drinking tainted water
D: touching a contaminated door knob
B
PHNs are trying to protect residents in an assisted living home during a flu outbreak. What is an example of a primary prevention initiative?
A: increasing assessments of the ill to identify complications early
B: screening individuals for signs of influenza
C: instructing individuals to sneeze into ones arm
D: administering tamiflu to ill residents
C
What type of reporting is flu watch?
A: stats Canada info
B: surveillance data
C: health reports
D: reportable disease
B
What is the purpose of epidemiology?
A: the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states in specific populations
B: to provide stats to direct health care funding to the appropriate cause
C: to predict and control challenges to population health
D: an area of medicine that deals with the study of the causes of disease in populations
C
Which term is used to answer the question “how bad is it?” And to describe the effect of a given disease?
A: survival rate
B: incidence rate
C: prevalence rate
D: mortality rate
A
Which of the statements below is true of the epidemiological model?
A: the classic epidemiological model contains four elements: the agent, the host, the environment, and the vector
B: the vector is the contagious or non-contagious force that can begin or prolong a health problem
C: the host is the human being in which the disease occurs
D: the agent is a factor that moves between the host and environment
C
Which of the following is included in the most commonly cited criteria for causation?
A: specificity
B: sensitivity
C: qualitative replication
D: Strength of screening
A
Which of the following is used to compare the # of deaths from a specific cause within the entire population?
A: specific mortality rate
B: Infant death rate
C: Crude mortality rate
D: relative death rate
C
What is the purpose of the haddon’s matrix
Combine public health concepts of host, agent, environment, with concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
Explain the person-place-time model
Vectors to look for associations in illness. Similar to who, what, when, where, how, why in journalism
Explain the web of causation model
Making a web out of all of the causative factors to look at the big picture, because there is rarely ever 1 causative factor to any disease or illness.
What are some data sources CHNs can use in epidemiology
Census, vital stats, PHAC, BCCDC, health authority reports/records, municipal reports
What is the difference between primordial and primary prevention
Primordial involves changing societal structures (basically there has to be policy involved), while primary is reducing risks for a potential problem
Screening definition and example
Testing of individuals who don’t have symptoms
Rectal exam for prostate cancer
What are the issues with screening
Reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity
Surveillance definition and example
Monitoring of diseases to assess patterns and respond quickly to events that don’t fit the pattern
Monitoring people with influenza
What is the difference between association and causation
Association: there is a connection, may not necessarily be related
Causation: confirmed cause
Mortality rate
Deaths
Crude mortality rate
of deaths from a specific cause within the entire population
Ex opioid deaths in BC
Specific mortality rate
of deaths from a specific cause in a particular subgroup within the whole subgroup
Ex opioid deaths in males in BC
Proportional mortality
of deaths from a specific cause in a given population for a particular time period compared to that same population and time period
Prevalence
A specific disease process in a population at one given point in time
Incidence
Identification of new cases in a population over time
Relative risk
Divides the incidence of a disease in a population exposed to a known risk factor by the incidence in a population that has not been exposed
Point prevalence
Situation only at that point in time
Period prevalence
In a specific amount of time
Cumulative/lifetime incidence
Occurrence in someone’s life
Prognosis rate
Describe the effect of a given disease. Calculating the % of people with the disease who have survived (usually in a given time frame)
Case fatality rate
Dividing the number of people who die from a disease by the number of people who have the disease.
