Week 2

Question 1

N

Answer 1

Sample Size i.e. how many data points were measured

Question 2

“An N of One”

Answer 2

-When we make assumptions or draw conclusions from single data points i.e. if a friend has a bad experience in a neighborhood, you may view the area as a bad neighbourhood
- Very vulnerable to bias

Question 3

Descriptive Statistics

Answer 3

Ways to study or organise data from a research study, essentially allowing us to describe what the data is

Question 4

Inferential Statistics

Answer 4

• Analytical tools that allow us to draw conclusions based on data from a research study; essentially allowing us to make a statement about what the data means

Question 5

Variable

Answer 5

A quality or quantity that is different for different individuals i.e. temperature on a given day

Question 6

Value

Answer 6

Any possible number or category that a variable could take on i.e. 6 degrees Celsius

Question 7

Score

Answer 7

A particular individuals value on a variable

Question 8

Frequency Table

Answer 8

-A way to summarise a dataset in a table form, to organise the data and make it easy to get an overview of the data quickly
- Not effective if the range of values is too large

Question 9

Measurement

Answer 9

The assignment of scores to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristic of the individuals

Question 10

Nominal Variable

Answer 10

• Variables that label of categorise something, with any numbers used to measure these variables being arbitrary and do not indicate quantity or size
• i.e. gender. If a male is given the score of one and a female is given the score of two. Females are not twice as good as males

Question 11

Numeric Variables

Answer 11

• Variables for which numbers are actually meaningful as they indicate the size or amount of something
• i.e. temperature or IQ

Question 12

Research

Answer 12

The study of the relationship between variables
- There must be at least two variables in a study

Question 13

Independent Variable

Answer 13

• The variable that you manipulate

Question 14

Dependent Variable

Answer 14

A variable that you measure to detect a difference or change as a result of the manipulation, most often it is numeric

Question 15

Histogram

Answer 15

A graph for summarising numeric data that is essentially a frequency table turned on its side with the added benefit of a visual representation of the frequency with the height of the bars in the graph, rather that just a number

Question 16

X- Axis on a histogram

Answer 16

• The value of variables from lowest to highest

Question 17

Y-Axis

Answer 17

Should represent the frequencies of each value in the dataset

Question 18

Grouped Frequency Table

Answer 18

A frequency table that defines ranges of values in the first column and reports the frequency of scores that fall within each range i.e. 1-10, 11-20

Question 19

Differences between Histograms and Bar Charts

Answer 19

• In a histogram, the x-axis should be labelled with numbers rather than categories
• Because a histogram contains numeric data, the bars should appear to touch. There are spaces between the bars of a bar chart

Question 20

Skewness

Answer 20

• The term used for describing symmetry i.e. is the distribution of data symmetrical or skewed

Question 21

Right- Skewed

Answer 21

• A description of a distribution that represents asymmetry, specifically with a low frequency tail leading off to the right

Question 22

Left- Skewed

Answer 22

A descriptor of a distribution that indicates asymmetry, specifically with a low frequency tail leading off to the left

Question 23

Unimodal

Answer 23

A descriptor of a distribution indicating that there is one peak, or a single collection of scores

Question 24

Bimodal

Answer 24

-A descriptor of a distribution indicating that there are two peaks or two collections of scores
- These peaks should be familiar in size

Question 25

Ways to present Numeric Data

Answer 25

Frequency tables and histograms

Question 26

Ways to present nominal data

Answer 26

Bar charts and Pie charts

Question 27

Central Tendency

Answer 27

A statistical measure that defines the centre if a distribution with a single score

Question 28

Purpose of Central Tendency

Answer 28

To find a single number that is most typical of the entire group

Question 29

Mean

Answer 29

- The same thing as an average, you add up all the numbers and then divide the answer by the amount of numbers that there is - The balancing point of the distribution

Question 30

What Datasets are best suited to the mean

Answer 30

Symmetrical and unimodal

Question 31

Median

Answer 31

-The midpoint of the scores after placing them in order. - The point at which half of the scores fall above and half of the scores fall below

Question 32

Best Dataset for the Median

Answer 32

Skewed and unimodal datasets

Question 33

Mode

Answer 33

The score/ scores that occurs most often in the dataset

Question 34

Best dataset for the mode

Answer 34

Only measure for bimodal datasets

Question 35

Σ

Answer 35

- Sigma - Summation Notation i.e. "taking the sum" of a series of numbers

Question 36

M

Answer 36

The symbol for the mean of scores in a sample

Question 37

N

Answer 37

The symbol for the number of scores in a sample

Question 38

How to Calculate the Mean

Answer 38

M=EX - N

Question 39

Variance

Answer 39

-A common measure of variability in numeric data - The average squared distance of scores from the mean

Question 40

Standard Deviation

Answer 40

-A common measure of variability in numeric data. - The average distance of a score from the mean

Question 41

Sum of Squares

Answer 41

The sum of squared deviations or differences between the scores and the mean in a numeric dataset

Question 42

Binary Variables

Answer 42

- 2 categories only and can be fixed or designed i.e. yes/no

Question 43

Ordinal Variables

Answer 43

- 2 or more variables and an intrinsic order i.e. they can be ranked such as the Likert Scale

Question 44

Interval Variable

Answer 44

- Have a numeric value and can be measured along a continuum i.e. Celsius

Question 45

Ratio Variable

Answer 45

Interval Variables with the additional requirement; a measurement value of zero means that there is none of that variable i.e. kelvin

Question 46

Raw Data

Answer 46

- Data that is not analysed - Responses to survey questions, measurements etc. - Difficult to manage, especially with lots of participants

Question 47

Use of Inferential Statistics

Answer 47

If the sample is representative of the overall population, inferential stats can be used to assess the extent to which the characteristics of our sample are likely to apply to the overall population