Week 2

Question 1

Functions of the skull

Answer 1

• protects and houses brain
• contains openings needed for sensory organs
• forms oral cavity

Question 2

What are the cranial bones? How many are there in total?

Answer 2

8 cranial bones in total
1) Parietal (2)
2) Ethmoid
3) Occipital
4) Sphenoid
5) Temporal (2)

Question 3

What are the facial bones? How many are there in total?

Answer 3

14 facial bones in total

1) Maxilla (2)
2) Palatine (2)
3) Nasal (2)
4) Zygomatic (2)
5) Lacrimal (2)
6) Inferior nasal conchae (2)
7) Mandible
8) Vomer

Question 4

What are the 4 antagonists of the Temporomandibular Joint

Answer 4

1) Temporalis
2) Masseter
3) Lateral pterygoid
4) Medial pterygoid

Question 5

What is the motion of depression, elevation, lateral deviation, protrusion, and retrusion using the jaw as an example.

Answer 5

depression - jaw down (open mouth)
elevation - jaw resting (closed mouth, normal)
lateral deviation - moving jaw side to side
protrusion - underbite/sticking jaw out
retrusion - tucking jaw in towards neck

Question 6

What is lateral bending of the neck and rotation of the neck?

Answer 6

lateral bending - lowering one ear, tilting head
rotation - turning head, as if on a swivel

Question 7

Structures of a typical vertebrae

Answer 7

1. Body
2. Transverse foramen
3. Superior articular facet
4. Vertebral arch
5. Spinous process
6. Transverse process
7. Pedicle
8. Vertebral foramen
9. Lamina

Question 8

Atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 8

• located in the back of head towards top of neck
• formed by condyles of occipital bone
• superior articular process of C1
• synovial joint
• supports the weight of the head

Question 9

Major muscles of the neck and trunk

Answer 9

Cervical spine: Anterior surface
- sternocleidomastoid
- scalene muscles (3)
- Prevertebral group

Cervical spine: Posterior surface
- Erector spinae muscles
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
- Suboccipital group

Question 10

Sternocleidomastoid
origin, insertion, action

Answer 10

origin: sternum and clavicle

insertion: mastoid process

action:
1) bilaterally - flexes neck and extends head
2) unilaterally - laterally bends neck and rotates neck to opposite side

Question 11

Scalene muscles (3)
origin, insertion, action

Answer 11

• Deep to sternocleidomastoid
• Found in the side of the neck

origin: transverse process of C2-C7

insertion: ribs 1 and 2

action:
1) bilaterally - flexes neck
2) unilaterally - laterally bends neck

Question 12

Prevertebral group
origin, insertion, action

Answer 12

• the deep neck flexors of head and neck
• Provide cervical posture and chin tucking

origin: C2-T3

insertion: occipital bone and TPs of C vertebrae

action: flex head and help to laterally bend head

Question 13

Suboccipital muscles
origin, insertion, action

Answer 13

• Below base of skull
• Extend head
• Pivot the head via the dens

origin: C1 and C2

insertion: occipital bone

action: extends the head

Question 14

Splenius capitis

Answer 14

• more superficial

origin: SPs C7-T3

insertion: occipital bone, mastoid process

action:
1) bilaterally - extends head and neck
2) unilaterally - rotates and laterally bends face to same side

Question 15

Splenius cervicis
origin, insertion, action

Answer 15

origin: SPs T3-T6

insertion: TPs of C1-C3

action:
1) bilaterally - extends neck
2) unilaterally - rotate and laterally bend to same side

Question 16

Upper Fibres of Trapezius
origin, insertion, action

Answer 16

• Can stabilize and extend the neck

origin: occipital bone

insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion

action: scapular elevation and upwards

Question 17

Generally, front of neck ____ and back of neck _____

Answer 17

front of neck flexes, back of neck extends