Week 2 Flashcards
what are the functions of bones?
support, protection, leverage, storage, and blood cell formation
what are 2 types of bones?
cancellous and compact
What are cancellous bones?
light and spongy
what are compact bones?
dense and heavy
what are compact bones composed of?
haversian systems
what is the periosteum
membrane that covers the outer surface of bones
what is the endosteum
membrane that lines the hollow interior surface of bones
What are osteoblasts?
cells that produce bone
what do osteoclasts do?
they remodel/remove bone
what are osteocytes?
osteoblasts surrounded by bone
what are Volkmann canals?
channels through bone matrix that contain blood vessels
what do nutrient foramina contain
large blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
what are 2 possible bone formations
Endochondral bone formation and intramembranous bone formation
what are the 4 basic shapes of bones>?
long, short, flat and irregular
what are the 2 types of bone marrow?
red and yellow
what are the three articulate bone surfaces?
condyle, head, and facet
what are processes?
projections off a bone surface
what is a foramen?
a hole in a bone
what is a fossa
depressed area on the surface of a bone
what is the axial skeleton?
bones alone the central axis of the body
what bones is the axial skeleton composed of?
skull, hyoid bone, spinal column, ribs, and sternum
Approx. how many bones is the skull make of?
37 to 38
What are the bones of the inner ear?
incus, malleus, and staples
what are the bones of the face?
incisive bones(2), lacrimal bones (2) mandible (1 or 2), maxillary bones (2), nasal bones (2), zygomatic bones(2)
what do vertebrae consist of?
body, arch, and process
what are intervertebral disks
cartilage separating bodies of adjacent vertebrae
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
what is the C1 vertebrae called?
atlas
what is the C2 vertebrae called?
axis
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
13
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
7
where is the sacral vertebrae?
attached to the pelvic bones
what is the coccygeal vertebrae?
the tail bone
what type of bones are ribs?
flat
where is costal cartilage?
ventral end of the ribs
what is the costochondral junction?
where costal cartilage meets bony rib
Where is the manubrium sterni?
most cranial sternebra
where is the xiphoid process?
most caudal sternebra
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
the main appendages of the body (the limbs)
Proximal to distal order what bones make up the thoracic limb?
scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones (carpus), metacarpal bones, phalanges
what is the scapula?
shoulder blade
what is the humerus?
long bone of the upper arm
what does brachium mean?
arm
what is tubercles?
processes where the shoulder muscles attach
what is the Antebrachium?
Forearm
what is the main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium?
radius
what is the carpus?
wrist
in dogs and cats how are the metacarpal bones numbered?
medial to lateral
how are the metacarpal bones numbered on cattle?
medial to distal
what does the equine thoracic limb phalanges composed of?
proximal phalanx (fetlock), middle phalanx (pastern), distal phalanx (coffin), and sesamoid bones (proximal and distal or navicular)
Proximal to distal what are the bones of the pelvic limb?
pelvis: (ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones (tarsus), metatarsal bones, phalages
how many joins are there on the pelvis?
5 total
what is the pelvis symphysis?
joint between the two halves of the pelvis
What is the Femur?
long bone of the leg
what is the trochlea?
articular groove containing the patella
what connection is a tendon?
bone to bone connection
what connection is a ligament
muscle to bone
what is the main weight bearing bone of the lower limb?
tibia
What is the visceral skeleton?
bones that form organs
what are some examples of visceral skeletons?
os cordis (heart of cattle of sheep), os penis (penis of dogs, beavers, raccoons, and walruses), and os rostri (nose of swine)
what are the three general classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
what are synathroses?
fibrous joints
what are amphiarthroses?
cartilaginous joints
what are diathroses?
synovial joints
what are the types of synovial joints?
hinge, gliding, pivot, and ball-and-socket
what are ginglymus joints
hinge
what are arthrodial joints?
gliding joints
what are trochoid joints?
PIVOT JOINTS
what are spheroidal joints?
ball-and-socket joints
