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A & P > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

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2
Q

receptor

A

responds to stimuli
-first component
-monitor environment
-responds to stimuli
-sends info to control center(sweat glands are effectors)

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2
Q

variable

A

things that can change in the body..IE. blood sugar, body temp, blood volume, blood pressure.

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2
Q

control center

A

determines set point
at which variable is maintained
-determines appropriate response
-information from the control center flow to the effector

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3
Q

stimulus

A

anything that changes a variable

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3
Q

effector

A

makes change
-response either reduces stimulus(negative feedback)or enhances stimulus(positive feedback)
if you are cold, it warms us up./ too hot it cools us off

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4
Q

stimulus-sensor

A

control-effector

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5
Q

the structure of the plasma membrane consists of

A

consists of lipids that form a flexible lipid bilayer

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6
Q

structures in the membranes help to hold cells together through…

A

cell junctions

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7
Q

lipid bilayer consists of

A

mostly phospholipids
–polar heads
–non-polar tails
glycolipids
cholesterol

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8
Q

the extracellular surface of the membrane contains CARBOHYDRATES that attach to proteins or lipids known as …

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids=glycocalyx
-they serve as biological markers for the body’s cells to prevent the immune system from attacking the host

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9
Q

membrane proteins allow..

A

cell communication with environment

2 types; integral and peripheral

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10
Q

integral protein

A

firmly inserted into the membrane
-have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions-function as transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors

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11
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to integral proteins OR ANCHORED TO MEMBRANES
-function as enzymes, motor proteins and cell connections

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12
Q

a receptor protein is..

A

binds to chemical messenger such as hormones sent by other cells

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13
Q

tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cell’s internal water volume

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14
Q

isotonic solution

A

has same osmolarity as inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged

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15
Q

hypertonic

A

has higher osmolarity than inside the cell, so water flows out of the cell, resulting in cell shrinking(crenation)

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16
Q

hypotonic

A

has lower osmolarity than inside the cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling (lysing)

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17
Q

enzyme..

A

breaks down products

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18
Q

channel protein is

A

constantly open and allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell

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19
Q

gated channel

A

a gate that opens and closes to allow solutes through only at certain times

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20
Q

cell identity marker

A

a glycoprotein acting as a cell identity marker

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21
Q

cell adhesion molecules(CAM)

A

binds cells to other cells

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22
Q

cell junctions
most cells are bound together to form tissues and organs .. the 4 ways cells can be bound to each other are..

A

tight junctions
demosomes
gap junctions
adherens

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23
Q

tight junctions

A

almost impermeable junction (GI)

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24
Q

adherens junctions

A

stabilize and initate

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25
Q

gap junctions

A

form tunnels that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell (cardiac and smooth muscles)

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26
Q

desmosomes

A

prevent cells from tearing under tension (found in skin)cardiac too

27
Q

intracellular fluid(ICF)

A

fluid inside of cells
K+, Mg+, PO43

28
Q

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cells(includes the fluid of blood)
Na+, Cl-. Ca2, HCO3

29
Q

plasma membrane is…

A

selectively permeable. Allows small, nonpolar molecules to easily pass through

30
Q

2 essential ways substances cross plasma membrane

A

passive transport=no energy is required
-Active transport=energy (ATP) is required

31
Q

3 types of passive transport are…

A

-simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis

32
Q

all types of passive diffusion have movement from..

A

areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration–moving down a concentration gradient

33
Q

simple diffusion

A

lipid soluble and nonpolar molecules can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane(oxygen, carbon dioxide, small amounts of water, fatty acids

34
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

larger or polar molecules can cross membranes but only with assistance of carrier molecules

35
Q

certain hydrophobic molecules (glucose, ions) are transported passively down their concentration gradient by..

A

-carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
-channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

36
Q

channel mediated diffusion
channels transport molecules such as…

A

ions or water down their concentration gradient.
2 types:
-leakage (always open)
-gated(controlled by chemical or electrical signals)

37
Q

water channels are called…

A

aquaporins

38
Q

carrier mediated diffusion
carriers transport molecules that…

A

are too large for membrane channels
-the binding of the molecule changes the shape of the protein

39
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of low solute to and area of high solute concentration

40
Q

water diffuses across plasma membranes through..

A

lipid bilayers and water channels called aquaporins
this flow occurs any time there is a difference in the two sides of the membrane

41
Q

osmolarity is..

A

the measure of the concentration of the total number of solute particles in solvent inside and outside of cell

42
Q

water moves by osmosis from areas of

A

low solute(high water) to high solute(low water) concentration

43
Q

equilibrium means…

A

same concentration of solutes and water molecules on both sides
movement will occur until equilibrium is met

44
Q

movement of water involves pressures called

A

hydrostatic and oncotic pressure

45
Q

hydrostatic pressure is…

A

outward pressure caused by fluid leaving cell

46
Q

oncotic pressure is…

A

inward pressure due to tendency of water to be “pulled” into a cell

47
Q

hypo

A

low

48
Q

natri-natrium

A

sodium

49
Q

emia

A

presence in blood

50
Q

hyperatremia

A

salt poisoning, too much salt in the blood and body fluid due to dehydration or water loss.
causes excessive thirst, tachycardia, muscle spasms, or nervous dysfunction
-cells will shrivel (crenation)

51
Q

sodium determines the osmolarity…

A

wherever sodium is going, water is going

52
Q

hyponatremia is caused by…

A

kidney damage, heart failure, diuretics, overconsumption of fluids.

53
Q

hyponatremia causes an osmotic shift leading to…

A

cellular swelling, higher concentration of solutes inside of cell due to diluted ECF fluid

54
Q

Patients with hyponatremia develop severe…

A

neurological symptoms such as lethargy, seizures and maybe coma

55
Q

two types of active transport..

A

Primary- required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis
-Secondary-required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport

56
Q

two major active transport processes
-both require you to move solutes across a plasma membrane
for three reasons..

and solutes are being moved against their concentration gradient

A

active transport
vesicular transport

1.solute is too large
2.solute is not lipid soluble
3.solute is not able to move down concentration gradient

57
Q

energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes …

A

change in shape of transport protein

58
Q

in primary active transport, shape change causes…

A

solutees(ions) bound to protein to be pumped across membrane

59
Q

in primary active transport, the sodium/potassium pump is…

A

-the most studied pump
-basically an enzyme called Na+ K+ ATPase that pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium back into the cell
-located in all plasma membranes, especially excitable cells like nerves and muscles

60
Q

secondary transport depends on..

A

ion gradient created by primary active transport system
-energy stored in gradients is used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes

61
Q

some sugars, amino acids and ions are usually transported into cells via…

A

secondary active transport

62
Q

The ATP driven Na+ K+ pump stores energy by creating a steep concentration gradient for Na+ entry into the cell . this is called….

A

Primary active transport

63
Q

as Na+ diffuses back across the membrane through a membrane cotransporter protein, it drives glucose against its concentration gradient into the cell. this is called…

A

secondary active transport

64
Q

endocytosis involves formation of…

A

vesicles
it can fuse with lysosome once inside cell or undergo transcytosis

65
Q

PINOCYTOSIS

A

CELLULAR DRINKING
Plasma membran infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell.
the cell ‘gulps” a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. no receptors are used so the process is nonspecific
main way in which nutrients absorb in small intestine

66
Q

recepetor-mediated endocytosis

A

a type of transcytosis.
Examples: enzymes, low density lipoproteins(LDL), insulin, iron, and viruses

67
Q

exocytosis

A

contents in side the cell are moving out.
How endocrine glands secrete their hormones into the blood

A & P (7 decks)

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