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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

explain why the skin is considered an organ?

A

provides first impression
most vulnerable
exposed to radiation, infection, trauma, chemicals
more medical treatment than any other organ
largest and heaviest organ

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2
Q

describe the major functions of the skin

A

*resistance to trauma and infection,
*other barrier functions like UV rays, water,
*Vitamin D synthesis
*Sensation, many nerve endings such as touch, pressure, pain and vibration
*thermoregulation, altering blood flow to release or retain heat
*non-verbal communication like facial expressions

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3
Q

Stratum corneum

A

20-30 rows of flat, keratinized dead cells
accounts for 3/4 of epidermal thickness
though dead, cells still function to:
prevents water loss
accounts for most of thickness
protect from abrasion

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4
Q

stratum basale

A

attached to the dermis. bottom layer of the epidermis. consists of a single row of actively dividing cells; daughter cells rise to surface of skin
cells die as they move to surface, others remain in basale as stem cells

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5
Q

stratum granulosum

A

last living layer ; cells flatten; no longer dividing; too far from dermal capillaries to survive
nuclei and organelles disintegrate. keratinization begins

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6
Q

stratum spinosum

A

eat bacteria
*serveral layers thick
contain prekeratin filaments-allows them to resist tension and pulling.
keratinocytes in this layer appear spikey so they are called prickle cells

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7
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

couple cell layers thick
found only in thick skin
thin, translucent band
clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

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8
Q

epidermis

A

top layer, the skin
superficial region
only epithelial tissue
avascular(gets its blood supply from below)

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9
Q

dermis

A

underlies epidermis; mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascular,
gives skin strength and elasticity
*location of sensory nerves, cells, glands

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10
Q

hypodermis

A

contains nerves, blood and lymph vessels, Rich in adipose (50% of total body fat)
anchors skin to underlying structure

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11
Q

primary cells of epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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12
Q

produces a protein called fibrous keratin which…

A

makes skin hydrophobic and strong… so you don’t swell up in a pool

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13
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin, located in melanosomes. they are transferred keratinocytes, where they protect DNA from UN damage

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14
Q

dendritic cells

A

macrophages that patrol
tactile cells; sensory receptors that sense light touch… such as a bug crawling on you

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15
Q

thick skin contain ___ layers

A

5 Come lets get sun burnt
Stratum corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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16
Q

thin skin has ___ layers

A

4 Come get sun Burnt
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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17
Q

Where are dead skin cells located

A

Stratum corneum

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18
Q

Where is mitosis taking place ?

A

Stratum Basale
a row of columnar cells

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19
Q

What role do the melanocytes play?

A

they provide pigmentation and thus protection for UV rays

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20
Q

what role do the keratinocytes play

A

they play multiple roles essential for skin repair
chief role is to produce keratin, the fibrous protein the helps give the epidermis its protective properties

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21
Q

what are the four different cell types of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
dendritic cells
tactile cells

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22
Q

primary cells of epidermis
protective properties
tightly connected by desmosomes

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize melanin
melanosomes are transferred to keratinocytes -they protect DNA from UV damage

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24
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

control deeper layers of epidermis-key activation of immune system

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25
Q

Tactile Cells

A

sensory receptors, sense light touch

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26
Q

first degree burns

A

top layer of skin, epidermis
redness, slight edema(swelling) and pain in heals in days

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27
Q

Second degree burns

A

partial thickness burns-involves parts of dermis. blistered, pain
possible scars
weeks or months to heal

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28
Q

third degree burns

A

all of epidermis, all of dermis and often subcutaneous(hypodermis)
not painful-too deep. no nerve endings left
need skin grafts, fluid replacement, infection control, supplements and nutrition

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29
Q

the dermis has two layers
1. Papillary

A

above
finger-like
very loose, not a lot of fiber, plenty of wiggle room
rich in small blood vessels

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30
Q

the dermis has two layers
2. Reticular

A

below
deep to papillary
deeper, thicker layer of dermis
composed of dense irregular connective tissue
damaged dermal blood vessels may cause blister ( shoe friction etc)

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31
Q

the integumentary system consists of ..

A

hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

32
Q

cells change by going through apoptosis

A

controlled cell death
dead cells slough off as dander and dandruff
humans can shed 50,000 cells a minute

33
Q

excessive sun exposure causes

A

elastic fibers clump, causing skin to become leathery
can depress immune system causing alterations in DNA which causes cancer
UV light destroys folic acid (B9) so it can be harmful to embryo

34
Q

in the reticular dermis, collagen fibers run parallel to the skin, so…

A

incisions are made along these cleavage lines
it also helps it to heal naturally

35
Q

striae

A

stretch marks caused by extreme stretching of skin that causes dermal tears

36
Q

hypodermis, subcutaneous tissue

A

contains more areolar and adipose tissue than the dermis
pads body and binds skin to underlying tissues
common site of drug injections due to many blood vessels
subcutaneous fat:
energy reservoir
thermal insulation
thicker in women
thinner in infants, elderly

37
Q

hair matrix

A

mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla; growth center for the hair

38
Q

shaft is..
root is…

A

shaft is above skin surface
root is below skin surface

39
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

stand straight )-bundle of smooth muscle attaching hair follicle to dermis-contract to make hair stand on end (PILOERECTION)
it is a sensory nerve and gives goosebumps

40
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most numerous skin glands-3-4million in adult skin, especially dense on palms, soles, and forehead
_produce watery perspiration that helps cool the body

41
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

groin and region axilla
produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids
inactive until puberty
responds to stress and sexual stimulation
disagreeable body odor
usually bad hygiene

41
Q

ceruminous sweat glands
modified apocrine glands

A

lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (Earwax)

42
Q

sebacious (oil) glands

A

widely distributed except for palms and soles
mostly develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles
relatively inactive until puberty; stimulated by hormones, especially androgens(male)

secrete sebum
oily secretion
bacterial killing properties
softens hair and skin

43
Q

nail plate

A

hard part of nail, includes overhanging free edge, nail body(visible attached part) , and nail root over underlying skin

44
Q

nails

A

clear, hard derivatives of stratum corneum

45
Q

skin color pigments-melanin

A

only pigment made in skin
more sun=more protection=more melanin produced
different amounts of melanin result in different skin tones

46
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BONE(SKELETAL)

A
  1. Blood cell formation
  2. triglyceride (fat) storage
  3. Hormone production
  4. Support
  5. Protection
  6. Movement
  7. Mineral and Growth Factor Storage
47
Q

Describe the structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis-the shaft of long bones are tubular in shape and consist of compact bone surrounding central medullary(marrow) cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults

Epiphysis-ends of long bones that interact at a joint
Articular (Hyaline) cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces

48
Q

Bone membranes
Periosteum

A

white membranes that covers external surfaces except for joints
-contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels
-anchoring points for tendons and ligaments

49
Q

Bone membranes
Endosteum

A

connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces (medullary cavity)
-cover trabeculae of spongy bone
-lines canals that pass through compact bone

50
Q

WHAT IS AN OSTEOGENIC CELL

A

actively dividing stem cells
located in the periosteum and endosteum.
can differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells when appropriate

51
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

the bone builders

bone forming cells that secrete bone matrix called osteoid
osteoblasts are actively dividing (MITOTIC)

52
Q

what are osteocytes

A

The monitor
mature bone cells_no longer dividing
Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors

Communicate information
to osteoblasts and osteoclasts(cells that break down bone) so bone remodeling can occur

53
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

the bone crushers
come from the same stem cell line that produce macrphages
Function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone)

54
Q

Osteon is…

A

the structural unit of compact bone-cylinder

55
Q

Spongy (trabecular) bone is …

A

Organized along stress lines
Trabeculae, like cables, confer strength to bones

56
Q

Organic components of bone include…

A

cells and osteoid
-osteoid contains collagen and ground substance. contributes to flexiblity and strength

57
Q

Inorganic components of bone are…

A

mostly hydroxyapatite-a mineral salt with calcium phosphates.
makes bones extremely hard

58
Q

WHAT IS OSSIFICATION?

A

the process of how bone tissue forms

bone tissue formation begins in month 2 of development-prenatal

postnatal(after birth) bone growth occurs until early adulthood

59
Q

there are two types of ossification

A

endochondral
iintramembranous

60
Q

how are endochondral and intramembranous different?

A

endochondral ossification-start out as a cartilage-through the use of bone cells , replace the cartilage with bones. this is most of our bones

intramembranous ossification(within a membrane)- forms our clavicle and most of the skull.

61
Q

embryonic

A

form within embryonic tissue, they deposit matrix which becomes bone

62
Q

Wolfe’s Law

A

bones grow or remodel in response to stress (demands) placed on them

63
Q

LONG BONES

A

longer than they are wide (femur, humerus, tibia

64
Q

short bones

A

almost equal in length and width(bones in wrist, ankles and heel bone

65
Q

flat bones

A

mostly in skull, sternum, scapulaei

66
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebra and chip bones, asymmetrical (back bone, hips, skull

67
Q

Girdles attach limbs to…

A

axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic
(pectoral) shoulder girdle

68
Q

axial skeleton

A

in the center, midline of the body
skull, vertebral column, rib cage

69
Q

appendicular (appendages)

A

upper and lower limbs

70
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS

A

A GROUP OF DISEASES IN WHICH BONE RESORPTION EXCEEDS DEPOSITION, CAUSING BONE MASS TO DECLINE
affects 30% of women 60-70
affects 80% of women over 80

71
Q

STRESS FRACTURE

A

break caused by trauma to a bone. example in a fall

72
Q

pathological fracture

A

break in a bone weakened by disease(such as bone cancer or osteoporosis
usually caused by a stress that would not normally break a bone

73
Q

fractures classified by structural characteristics

A

displaced and non-displaced

74
Q

fractures -cracked or in multiple pieces..

A

comminuted or greenstick, spiral, compound, and transverse

75
Q

PTH parathyroid hormone

A

produced in response to low blood calcium levels
stimulates osteoclasts to resorb(breaks down) bone
-calcium is released into blood, raising levels
PTH secretion stops when hoomeostatic calcium levels are reached

76
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by thyroid gland in response to high levels of blood calcium
-inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts

A & P (7 decks)

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