Week 2 Flashcards by Amanda Saldivar

Hallmark symptom of aphasia?

Word retrieval.
Unable to retrieve the target words and cannot put them together in the right order.

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Lateral Fissure (aka…)

Sylvian Fissure/Sulcus

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Perisylvian Region

Area surrounding lateral fissure
Covers and includes Broca’s and Wernickes in the dominant hemisphere.
This is the language region.

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Anterior Language Region

Left frontal lobe
Planning and organizing speech action
Controls muscles in speech production
Heart of the region: Brocas

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Posterior Language Region

Temporal and Parietal Lobe
Comprehension and linguistic messages with appropriate syntax and semantic content.
Storage and retrieval of words
Heart of region: Wernickes

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Axon is covered by…

myelin

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Function of Myelinated Axon Fibers

Connect different structures.
Makes up communication links between neurons.

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3 basic types of myelinated fibers

Projection Fibers
Association Fibers
Commissural Fibers

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Projection Fibers

Connect the cortex with distant locations
Can go far (ie to spinal cord)

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Corona Radiata

Projection Fibers
Tracts running from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.

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Association Fibers

Provide Communication between regions of the same hemisphere.
Stays within the cerebrum, within lobe or between lobes

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Short Association

stays within the lobe

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Long Association

Connects between the lobes

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Arcuate Fasciculus

connects Broca’s area to Wernickes area.

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Damage to arcuate fasciculus

Can’t do repetition.
Can understand and can say some words.
Cannot recode and repeat.

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Damage to Broca’s

Comprehension good but struggle to say words

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Damage to Wernicke’s

Can say words that don’t make sense but trouble with understanding

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Commissural Fibers

Connects one location of a hemisphere to the corresponding location of the other hemisphere.
eg. corpus callosum

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Subcortex

Collection of gray matter inferior to the cerebral Cortex
Contributes to language and comprehension.

Basal Ganglia

Collection of neurons that control movement and patterns.
Damage can cause dysarthria.

Limbic System

Major structure: hippocampus
Mediates long-term memory, feeling, emotion and desire to say something.
Participates in vocal control. (ie. if its messed up, how you say something won’t match the meaning)

Diencephalon

Major structures: thalamus and hypothalamus

Thalamus

Relay center of all sensory information of cerebral cortex.
Processed here before sent to cortex.
Important for consciousness, attention, and memory

Structures of Subcortex

Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon

Cerebrovascular Supply

Blood supply to the brain that brings oxygen, nutrients, and rids waste. Neurons die without blood

2 arterial systems bringing blood to the brain

Carotid System Vertebral-Basilar System

Carotid System

Internal carotid artery joins Circle of Willis then splits to become anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)

Vertebral-Basilar System

2 vertebral arteries merge to form the basal artery. Then continues to form the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

Circle of Willis

Connects the carotid system with the vertebral-basilar system at the base of the brain

Middle cerebral artery

Supplies oxygenated blood to the bulk of the lateral surface of the hemisphere and insular cortices Largest cerebral artery and commonly affected by stroke Perisylvian Region

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies oxygenated blood to most medial portion of frontal and parietal lobes, most corpus callosum, anterior basal ganglia, and internal capsule

Posterior Cerebral Artery

supplies oxygenated blood to posterior aspect of the brain

Stroke (CVA)

Brain damage cause by vascular disruption. Affects arteries leading to and within the brain. Ischemic and Hemorrhagic 5th leading cause of death

Warning signs of stroke

Sudden numbness, confusion, trouble seeing, walking, dizziness, severe headache. FACE

Ischemic Stroke

Most common (80-85%) Blood vessel is blocked often from atherosclerosis due to accumulation of lipids and fatty materials.

2 Types of Obstructions

Thrombosis and Embolism

Thrombosis

65% of strokes Clot may form in an artery that is already narrow. Thrombus completely blocks artery

Embolism

25% of strokes Clot may break off somewhere and travel up to brain to block a smaller artery

Transient Ichemic Attack (TIA)

Episode of stroke-like symptoms and only lasts short amount of time. Temporary interruption of blood supply. High risk of a real stroke.

Hemorrhagic Stroke

10-15% of strokes. Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain.

Possible causes of hemorrhagic stroke

Weakened vessel walls Traumatic injury to vessel Fluctuation of blood pressure

Locations of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Extracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Occurs when diseased blood vessel within brain bursts. Can be due to Arteriovenous Malformation (AMV).

Common site of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

basal ganglia brainstem cerebellum thalamus

Stroke Treatments

Acute Therapy Endovascular Procedures Chronic Therapy

Ischemic vs. Hemorrhagic Which is worse?

Hemorrhagic