Week 2 Flashcards
Hallmark symptom of aphasia?
Word retrieval.
Unable to retrieve the target words and cannot put them together in the right order.
Lateral Fissure (aka…)
Sylvian Fissure/Sulcus
Perisylvian Region
Area surrounding lateral fissure
Covers and includes Broca’s and Wernickes in the dominant hemisphere.
This is the language region.
Anterior Language Region
Left frontal lobe
Planning and organizing speech action
Controls muscles in speech production
Heart of the region: Brocas
Posterior Language Region
Temporal and Parietal Lobe
Comprehension and linguistic messages with appropriate syntax and semantic content.
Storage and retrieval of words
Heart of region: Wernickes
Axon is covered by…
myelin
Function of Myelinated Axon Fibers
Connect different structures.
Makes up communication links between neurons.
3 basic types of myelinated fibers
Projection Fibers
Association Fibers
Commissural Fibers
Projection Fibers
Connect the cortex with distant locations
Can go far (ie to spinal cord)
Corona Radiata
Projection Fibers
Tracts running from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord.
Association Fibers
Provide Communication between regions of the same hemisphere.
Stays within the cerebrum, within lobe or between lobes
Short Association
stays within the lobe
Long Association
Connects between the lobes
Arcuate Fasciculus
connects Broca’s area to Wernickes area.
Damage to arcuate fasciculus
Can’t do repetition.
Can understand and can say some words.
Cannot recode and repeat.
Damage to Broca’s
Comprehension good but struggle to say words
Damage to Wernicke’s
Can say words that don’t make sense but trouble with understanding
Commissural Fibers
Connects one location of a hemisphere to the corresponding location of the other hemisphere.
eg. corpus callosum
Subcortex
Collection of gray matter inferior to the cerebral Cortex
Contributes to language and comprehension.
Basal Ganglia
Collection of neurons that control movement and patterns.
Damage can cause dysarthria.
Limbic System
Major structure: hippocampus
Mediates long-term memory, feeling, emotion and desire to say something.
Participates in vocal control. (ie. if its messed up, how you say something won’t match the meaning)
Diencephalon
Major structures: thalamus and hypothalamus
Thalamus
Relay center of all sensory information of cerebral cortex.
Processed here before sent to cortex.
Important for consciousness, attention, and memory
Structures of Subcortex
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Diencephalon
Cerebrovascular Supply
Blood supply to the brain that brings oxygen, nutrients, and rids waste. Neurons die without blood
2 arterial systems bringing blood to the brain
Carotid System
Vertebral-Basilar System
Carotid System
Internal carotid artery joins Circle of Willis then splits to become anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Vertebral-Basilar System
2 vertebral arteries merge to form the basal artery. Then continues to form the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Circle of Willis
Connects the carotid system with the vertebral-basilar system at the base of the brain
Middle cerebral artery
Supplies oxygenated blood to the bulk of the lateral surface of the hemisphere and insular cortices
Largest cerebral artery and commonly affected by stroke
Perisylvian Region
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Supplies oxygenated blood to most medial portion of frontal and parietal lobes, most corpus callosum, anterior basal ganglia, and internal capsule
Posterior Cerebral Artery
supplies oxygenated blood to posterior aspect of the brain
Stroke (CVA)
Brain damage cause by vascular disruption.
Affects arteries leading to and within the brain.
Ischemic and Hemorrhagic
5th leading cause of death
Warning signs of stroke
Sudden numbness, confusion, trouble seeing, walking, dizziness, severe headache.
FACE
Ischemic Stroke
Most common (80-85%)
Blood vessel is blocked often from atherosclerosis due to accumulation of lipids and fatty materials.
2 Types of Obstructions
Thrombosis and Embolism
Thrombosis
65% of strokes
Clot may form in an artery that is already narrow.
Thrombus completely blocks artery
Embolism
25% of strokes
Clot may break off somewhere and travel up to brain to block a smaller artery
Transient Ichemic Attack (TIA)
Episode of stroke-like symptoms and only lasts short amount of time.
Temporary interruption of blood supply.
High risk of a real stroke.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
10-15% of strokes.
Occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain.
Possible causes of hemorrhagic stroke
Weakened vessel walls
Traumatic injury to vessel
Fluctuation of blood pressure
Locations of Hemorrhagic Stroke
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Extracerebral Hemorrhage
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Occurs when diseased blood vessel within brain bursts.
Can be due to Arteriovenous Malformation (AMV).
Common site of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
basal ganglia
brainstem
cerebellum
thalamus
Stroke Treatments
Acute Therapy
Endovascular Procedures
Chronic Therapy
Ischemic vs. Hemorrhagic
Which is worse?
Hemorrhagic
