Week 1 Flashcards
Cognitive communication disorder
Impaired cognition
Aphasia (type of disorder)
Language Disorder
Apraxia of Speech (type of disorder)
Motor planning disorder
Dysarthria (type of disorder)
Motor programming disorder
Neurons and what they do.
Fundamental units of the nervous system.
Receive sensory input, sends motor commands, transforming and relaying the electrical signal
3 main parts of a neuron
dendrites, axon, cell body
Dendrite (function)
gets the signals from other neurons
Axon (function)
sends the signal to the next neuron. covered in myelin sheath to help with signal transmission.
Cell Body (function)
processes the signal received from the dendrite
Parts of the CNS
brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem)
spinal cord
Parts of the PNS
Cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves (31)
Damage to the CNS causes…
Apraxia
Damage to the PNS results in…
Dysarthria
Role of cerebrum(brain)
Controls every high function in the brain. It is the hard drive that saves everything.
What does the brain contain?
2 hemispheres, 4(5) lobes, 3 meningeal linings, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
3 meningeal layers and what they do.
Meninges protect and hold the shape of the brain.
Dura (outer most layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia Mater (inner most layer)
Role of the CSF
protection, nutrients, gets rid of waste. Replenishes every 4-6 hours
Explain neuroplasticity
Once neurons die, they cannot heal. This is the training of surviving neurons to take on new functions. If we don’t do therapy and they have nothing to do, they also die.
Gray Matter (aka …)
Cerebral Cortex
Full of neuron cell bodies
White Matter
Area full of axons.
Gray vs. White Matter
Damage to which is worse
Gray matter bc it contains all the cell bodies that process info and they cannot regenerate once damaged. Axons in white matter can.
Lumbar Puncture
take out fluid from the CSF to tell how healthy someone is
Hydrocephalus
too much CSF in the brain which increases pressure
Cerebellum functions
controls balance and coordination of movement. Very sensitive to alcohol
Lobes of the Brain
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insular
Frontal Lobe primary function
voluntary movements and executive functions
Important structures of Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
Broca’s Area
Primary Motor Cortex
Initiates voluntary movement
More practice = more neurons trained to do certain movements
Prefrontal Cortex
Important for attention, working memory, and executive function. Also include behaviors, judgement and emotional response
Broca’s Area
Located in inferior gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.
Important for verbal expression (production of fluent and well articulated speech)
Nearby Areas of Broca’s help with
planning and organizing speech movement.
Parietal Lobe
Somatic body sense
Integrating info related to visual, auditory and somatic senses
Make sense of our environment.
Important portions of Parietal Lobe
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Angular Gyrus
Supramarginal Gyrus
Angular Gyrus
Comprehension of written material.
Combines the visual info with the meaning of the language.
Important for reading.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
primary site of somatosensory input, receiving sensory info.
Supramarginal Gyrus
Plays a role in phonological processing of spoken and written language, and emotional responses.
Temporal Lobe
hearing, analysis of auditory signals, memory foundations.
Auditory Comprehension
Important structures of Temporal Lobe
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernickes Area
Middle Temporal Gyrus
Important for forming new memories and higher-level information processing
Primary Auditory Cortex
Organized according to the frequency of sound.
Process what is important (phone ping, sirens etc.)
Wernicke’s Area
Posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus.
Language comprehension and processing speech and language decoding.
Occipital Lobe
Vision and higher-level processing.
No sulci, only invisible line.
Primary Visual Cortex
primary hub receiving visual stimuli and sorts it
Insular
Involves consciousness and regulation of emotions and homeostasis.
Folded within lateral sulcus
Helps verbal production, Broca’s area and speech movements and well-articulated fluent speech.
Sulci/Fissures of the Brain
Lateral Fissure(separates frontal and parietal from temporal)
Central Sulcus (separates frontal and parietal)
Longitudinal Fissure (separates hemispheres)
Broca’s Brodmann number
44 and 45
Wernickes Brodmann number
22
Insular Lobe
Supports Broca’s for fluent speech
