Week 2

Question 1

What does the average effect size for counselling and psychotherapeutic practices, compared to a no-treatment control, suggest according to the summaries of conducted meta-analyses?

A) The effect size is small and comparable to surgical and medical procedures.
B) The effect size is moderate and similar to other psychological interventions.
C) The effect size is large, exceeding that of many surgical and medical procedures.
D) The effect size is negligible and does not significantly differ from no-treatment control.

Answer 1

c

Question 2

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where clients, on average, do not tend to show improvement once the therapy is concluded?

A) Regression effect
B) Sleeper effect
C) Plateau effect
D) Residual effect

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What does the evidence suggest regarding the coping style of clients and their response to therapy?

A) Clients with an internalizing coping style tend to respond better to technique-oriented therapies.
B) Clients with an externalizing coping style tend to respond better to technique-oriented therapies.
C) Coping style has no significant impact on the effectiveness of therapy.
D) Both internalizing and externalizing coping styles show similar response rates to technique-oriented therapies.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What does the term “client deference” refer to in the context of therapy?

A) The tendency for clients to express critical feedback to the therapist
B) The act of concealing negative reactions towards the therapist
C) Clients overlooking mistakes made by the therapist
D) Clients openly disagreeing with the therapist’s viewpoints

Answer 4

b

Question 5

What therapeutic technique involves clients resolving intra-personal conflicts by engaging in dialogue between different sides of themselves, often represented by chairs?

A) Role-playing therapy
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Two-chair dialogue
D) Gestalt therapy

Answer 5

c

Question 6

What therapeutic technique involves clients engaging in an imaginary dialogue with a significant other to address unresolved emotional issues?

A) Role-playing therapy
B) Cognitive restructuring
C) Empty-chair dialogue
D) Gestalt therapy

Answer 6

c

Question 7

What does research suggest about client satisfaction and the therapeutic alliance in relation to non-face-to-face therapeutic modalities?

A) Clients are generally less satisfied with non-face-to-face approaches compared to face-to-face therapy.
B) Non-face-to-face therapeutic modalities tend to result in a poorer therapeutic alliance compared to face-to-face therapy.
C) Clients are highly satisfied with non-face-to-face therapeutic modalities, and there is no consistent evidence of a poorer therapeutic alliance.
D) Non-face-to-face therapeutic modalities have limited impact on client satisfaction and the therapeutic alliance.

Answer 7

c

Question 8

How is “flourishing” defined?

A) A state characterized by negative emotions and dissatisfaction with personal meaning
B) A state characterized by positive emotions, a strong sense of personal meaning, good work, and positive relationships
C) A state characterized by a lack of emotions and a neutral sense of personal meaning
D) A state characterized by fluctuating emotions and uncertain work-life balance

Answer 8

b

Question 9

What does the term “65% barrier” refer to in the context of therapy outcomes?

A) The limitation in response rates observed in both cognitive therapy and SSRIs for depression
B) The percentage of clients who experience deterioration after psychotherapy
C) The proportion of clients who terminate therapy before completing the treatment
D) The threshold of symptom relief and crisis management achieved in traditional psychotherapy

Answer 9

a

Question 10

According to Confucius, where does the meaning of life lie?

A) In spiritual enlightenment and transcendence
B) In pursuing personal desires and ambitions
C) In the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom
D) In the ordinary human existence

Answer 10

d

Question 11

According to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, what is necessary for happiness?

A) Wealth and material possessions
B) Power and influence
C) Living a virtuous life
D) Pursuing personal desires and ambitions

Answer 11

c

Question 12

What was the mission of psychology before World War II?

A) To focus on understanding the human mind and behavior
B) To study and treat psychopathology
C) To explore the relationship between psychology and spirituality
D) To promote productivity, fulfillment, and nurture high talent in all individuals

Answer 12

b

Question 13

What shift occurred in psychology’s mission after World War II?

A) The focus shifted solely to the treatment of psychopathology.
B) Psychology expanded its focus to include both psychopathology and personal growth.
C) Humanistic psychologists emerged, emphasizing growth and describing the good life.
D) Psychology shifted its emphasis from research to clinical practice.

Answer 13

b

Question 14

For which mental health conditions has the effectiveness of Prolonged Exposure Therapy (PPT) been demonstrated?

A) Depression and anxiety disorders
B) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and bipolar disorder (BPD)
C) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and eating disorders
D) Psychosis and personality disorders (BPD)

Answer 14

b

Question 15

What does positive psychology propose regarding the influence of childhood events on an individual’s personality in adulthood?

A) Childhood events have a significant impact on shaping an individual’s personality in adulthood.
B) Most childhood events are relatively insignificant in determining an individual’s personality in adulthood.
C) Positive psychology does not consider the role of childhood events in personality development.
D) Positive psychology emphasizes the influence of childhood events on mental health but not personality.

Answer 15

a

Question 16

What does the growing body of research suggest regarding the factors contributing to happiness?

A) Genetics account for approximately 10% to 15% of happiness, while life circumstances explain 40% to 50%.
B) Life circumstances play a more significant role, accounting for approximately 40% to 50% of happiness.
C) Genetics are the primary determinant, accounting for roughly 40% to 50% of happiness.
D) Volitional control has little influence on happiness, with genetics and life circumstances being the main factors.

Answer 16

a

Question 17

According to Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), what assumption is made about the relationship between psychopathology, happiness, and the client’s interaction with their environment?

A) Psychopathology is solely attributed to inherent capacities for growth being thwarted.
B) Happiness and psychopathology are primarily determined by sociocultural factors.
C) The interaction between clients and their environments can lead to damage and hinder growth.
D) PPT focuses on restoring clients’ growth tendency regardless of environmental factors.

Answer 17

d

Question 18

According to Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), what assumption is made regarding positive emotions and strengths?

A) Positive emotions and strengths are secondary to the absence of negative traits.
B) Focusing on alleviating symptoms is the primary goal in therapy.
C) Positive emotions and strengths are as authentic and real as symptoms and disorders.
D) Diagnostic labels define clients’ self-identity, and strengths have minimal impact.

Answer 18

c

Question 19

According to Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), what assumption is made regarding the therapeutic relationship and the exploration of positive personal characteristics and experiences?

A) Effective therapeutic relationships are built solely on the analysis and explanation of presenting problems.
B) Traditional approaches reinforce stigma and emphasize venting about childhood trauma as the only path to healing.
C) Positive personal characteristics and experiences are overlooked in psychotherapy, leading to a flawed self-perception.
D) Effective therapeutic relationships can be established through exploration and analysis of positive aspects, opposing the traditional problem-focused approach.

Answer 19

d

Question 20

What are the two major theories that form the basis of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)?

A) Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory
B) Rogers’ humanistic approach and Piaget’s cognitive development theory
C) Seligman’s PERMA conceptualization of well-being and character strengths as passive therapeutic ingredients
D) Skinner’s behaviorism and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Answer 20

c

Question 21

Which component of the PERMA model refers to the use of one’s signature strengths to belong to and serve something larger than oneself?

A) Positive Emotions
B) Engagement
C) Relationships
D) Meaning

Answer 21

d

Question 22

Which component of the PERMA model is associated with experiencing positive emotions about the present, past, and future, and is linked to positive life outcomes such as marital satisfaction and income?

A) Positive Emotions
B) Engagement
C) Relationships
D) Meaning

Answer 22

a

Question 23

Which component of the** PERMA model** relates to the pursuit of engagement, involvement, and absorption in work, intimate relations, and leisure, and is associated with eliminating boredom, anhedonia, and rumination?

A) Positive Emotions
B) Engagement
C) Relationships
D) Meaning

Answer 23

b

Question 24

Which component of the PERMA model emphasizes the importance of quality relationships as a buffer against psychopathology and a factor contributing to enhanced longevity?

A) Positive Emotions
B) Engagement
C) Relationships
D) Meaning

Answer 24

c

Question 25

Which component of the **PERMA model** encompasses personal and interpersonal growth, progress, and accomplishments that provide a deep sense of satisfaction and fulfillment? A) Positive Emotions B) Engagement C) Relationships D) Accomplishment

Answer 25

d

Question 26

A) The specific coping strategies clients are employing to manage their symptoms and challenges B) The ways in which clients can be good, sane, and high functioning C) The immediate goals and aspirations clients have for personal growth and development D) The interactions between clients' strengths and their psychopathological symptoms

Answer 26

b

Question 27

According to the concept of the "golden mean," what does using strengths involve? A) Utilizing strengths to their fullest potential in all situations B) Balancing and applying strengths in the right combination and degree for each situation C) Focusing on a single dominant strength to achieve optimal outcomes D) Developing new strengths to address specific weaknesses

Answer 27

b

Question 28

What is the underlying theory behind the conceptualization that the absence of character strengths could describe psychological disorders? A) The presence of character strengths is necessary for optimal functioning. B) Psychological disorders are characterized by the absence of specific character strengths. C) The absence of character strengths is the primary cause of psychological disorders. D) Psychological disorders can be attributed to a lack of overall character strength development.

Answer 28

a

Question 29

According to Positive Psychotherapy (PPT), what does a "full life" encompass? A) The integration of all five components of PERMA and the development of character strengths B) The pursuit of happiness and life satisfaction as the primary goals C) Achieving a balanced state of emotional well-being and fulfillment D) The absence of psychological disorders and a focus on personal growth

Answer 29

a

Question 30

In which phase of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT) are clients encouraged to reflect on positive experiences and instances of overcoming challenges? A) Phase 1: Process B) Phase 2: Growth C) Phase 3: Integration D) Phase 4: Maintenance

Answer 30

b

Question 31

Which activities are typically included in Phase 1 of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) Reflecting on positive experiences and instances of overcoming challenges B) Keeping a gratitude journal and describing three good things daily C) Conducting a comprehensive evaluation of progress and growth through self-reports and reports from significant others D) Engaging in a positive introduction, conducting strength assessments, and setting specific goals

Answer 31

d

Question 32

What is the aim of Phase 2 in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) To reflect on past experiences and promote self-awareness B) To practice gratitude and enhance positive emotions C) To teach clients how to use their strengths in a calibrated and flexible way D) To evaluate progress and adjust therapeutic goals

Answer 32

c

Question 33

Which techniques are used in the positive appraisal component of Phase 2 in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) Utilizing guided visualization exercises to enhance positive emotions B) Engaging in cognitive restructuring to challenge negative thoughts and beliefs C) Reflecting on past experiences and promoting self-compassion D) Creating Psychological Space, Reconsolidation, Mindful Self-Focus, and Diversion

Answer 33

d

Question 34

What is the purpose of the "Creating Psychological Space" technique in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) To engage in guided visualization exercises to enhance positive emotions B) To challenge negative thoughts and beliefs through cognitive restructuring C) To write a bitter memory from a third-person perspective to reduce personal and emotional attachment D) To reflect on past experiences and promote self-compassion

Answer 34

d

Question 35

What is the purpose of the "Reconsolidation" technique in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) To engage in guided visualization exercises to enhance positive emotions B) To challenge negative thoughts and beliefs through cognitive restructuring C) To recall subtle details of a memory in a relaxed state to focus on positive or adaptive aspects D) To reflect on past experiences and promote self-compassion

Answer 35

c

Question 36

What is the purpose of the "Mindful Self-Focus" technique in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) To engage in guided visualization exercises to enhance positive emotions B) To challenge negative thoughts and beliefs through cognitive restructuring C) To observe negative memories without reactive emotions, promoting emotional detachment D) To reflect on past experiences and promote self-compassion

Answer 36

c

Question 37

What is the purpose of the "**Diversion**" technique in Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) To engage in guided visualization exercises to enhance positive emotions B) To challenge negative thoughts and beliefs through cognitive restructuring C) To recognize external cues that trigger the recall of a bitter memory D) To reflect on past experiences and promote self-compassion

Answer 37

a

Question 38

Which of the following options correctly lists the four phases of Positive Psychotherapy (PPT)? A) Engagement, Assessment, Intervention, and Termination B) Introduction, Exploration, Implementation, and Conclusion C) Evaluation, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Follow-up D) Rapport-building, Analysis, Action, and Closure

Answer 38

A