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2711 Aging > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

Study of the size, structure (age) and distribution of human populations
Spatial or temporal changes
Aging is a major contributor to changes

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2
Q

Why are there more older people? 2 reasons

A

life expectancy
declining fertility rates

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3
Q

Life expectancy

A

the average number of years a person is projected to live: given no dramatic change in causes for death happens
Calculated based on current trends
Not the average age at the time of death

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4
Q

Declining fertility rates

A

the more important factor for population aging

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5
Q

How can we increase life expectancy

A

better medical treatment
better public health, effective health promotion
epidemiological transition

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6
Q

Epidemiological transition

A

he replacement of infectious diseases by chronic degenerative diseases over time due to
Expanded public health and sanitation or
changes in health behaviors

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7
Q

in what process does epidemiological transition happen

A

process of economic development

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8
Q

what is a demographic result of epidemiological transition

A

people live longer, chronic diseases doesn’t kill people quickly

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9
Q

What are two major historical trends in fertility rates

A
  1. Baby boom (1946-1964)
  2. Baby bust (after 1965)
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10
Q

Fertility rate

A

an individual measure, Average number of live births a women can be expected to have in her lifetime
NOT the number of times a women gets pregnant

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11
Q

Birth rate

A

A population measure
Number of live births per 1000 women

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12
Q

What is the third demographic force

A

immigration

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13
Q

Old age dependency ratio

A

the number of people age 65 and over divided by the population age 20 to 64

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14
Q

Youth dependency ratio

A

the number of people age 0 to 19 divided by the population age 20 to 64

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15
Q

Demographic determinism

A

demography determines social relations

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16
Q

Population aging = economic/social crisis= ____ ____?

A

apocalyptic demography

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17
Q

How can you make it less apocalyptic?

A
  1. improvement in health
    2.policy changes
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18
Q

What are some benefits of an older population

A

Lower crime rate
Healthier lifestyle
Improving economy
Keeper of traditions and language
Crucial for indigenous populations
Unpaid (hidden) contributions
Helping family
Volunteering

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19
Q

What is the Canadian Community Health Survey

A

Focus on healthy aging in 2009
Uses multidisciplinary approach focusing on health, social and economic determinants

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20
Q

Canadian institute for Health research

A

Goal: “to improve the quality of life and health of older Canadians by understanding and addressing the consequences of a wide range of factors associated with aging”
Provides funding for research
Seeks out partnerships with other agencies with similar interests
Stays connected to community

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21
Q

_____ countries created pensions & other welfare programs:requires economy and political system supporting these programs
_____ nations don’t have social services or economic resources to help elderly poor

A

developed developing

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22
Q

By 2036 we will have . million to . million older people

A

9.9-10.9 million

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23
Q

Median Age

A

1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age

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24
Q

What are the three conditions affecting age population size and structure

A

immigration
death rate
birth rate

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25
Q

Immigration in the first decade of the _20th century accounted for _% of total population increase

A

44%

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26
Q

How old are most immigrants today

A

25-54 years

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27
Q

Death rate

A

of deaths per 1,000 people in a population

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28
Q

Life expectancy at 65 increased to __ years (M) and __(W) by 1931

A

13 and 14

29
Q

Life expectancy @ birth increased to __(M) and __ (F) (2016-2018)

A

79.9, 84.1

30
Q

Infant mortality rate fell to ___ (2012) compared to ____ (1926)

A

5/1000, 100/1000

31
Q

During covid, people 60+ = ___ of all cases, ___hospitalized, 59.7% ICU patients, 96.8% deaths

A

31.5%, 69.7% hospitalized, ____ ICU patients, ___ deaths

32
Q

In covid, people 80+ = __% of deaths

A

71.4%

33
Q

Birth rate

A

of births per 1,000 women in a population

34
Q

Demographic transition

A

population changes from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rate condition

35
Q

birth rate dropped __ from 1851-1951

A

30%

36
Q

Baby boom

A

sharp rise in fertility rate from 1946-1965 (after WWII)
Rose from 2.83-3.84
Age specific birth rate nearly doubled for women under 20, from 30.7 - 59.7 @peak baby boom in 1959

37
Q

Baby bust

A

sharp drop in fertility rate from mid 1960s+
After 1965 canada went into baby bust due to
Use of birth control pill
Increased participation of women in labor force

38
Q

Age specific birth rate

A

of births per 1000 women in a given age group

39
Q

Total birthed doubled from ___ in 1941 to ___ in 1961

A

264,000, 476,000

40
Q

Why did Canada have the loudest baby boom in the industrialized world

A

Good economy: people felt confident about the future
Large # of immigrants: many of child-bearing age
Baby boom reversed trends that begun in the 19th century

41
Q

To reach replacement level the fertility rate of 1.5 in 2018 would need to increase to

A

2.1

42
Q

fertility rate 65 years + rose from 7.6% to __% (1961-2016)

A

16.9

43
Q

What are the stages of demographic transition

A

Stage I: High fertility and high mortality. Small population. Slow and varied population growth. High proportion of young people, small proportion of older people.

Stage II: High fertility; mortality begins to decline. Population begins to grow as more children survive. Population explosion may occur and society may get younger. Small proportion of elderly people.

Stage III: Fertility declines and mortality declines further. Population growth begins to level off at larger size. This is the stage of the transition from a young high-growth to an older low-growth population. Older population begins to grow as a proportion of the population.

Stage IV: Low fertility, low mortality. Low population growth and large proportion of older people in the population.

44
Q

What age do Canadian demographers use as an easy way to mark the start of old age

A

65+

45
Q

Prospective aging

A

allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and compare one society at different points in time as life expectancy increases
Prospective aging helps society better calculate the start of pension plans/other benefits

46
Q

2770,780 elderly 85+ make up __% of the total population and 16% of the senior population

A

2.2%, 13%

47
Q

How many centenarians are there in 2016

A

8,230

48
Q

What are the three stages of Canadas demographic transition that took place before 1850

A

Before 1850
High rates of death, birth & immigration
Kept average age of Canadians low

After 1850
Major declines in birth and death rates

Today
Low death & birth rates, aging population
Population pyramid changed from wide-based, triangular shape to an increasingly rectangular one
Higher proportion of women
Significant growth in size of older age cohorts (+ aging of baby boomers)

49
Q

True or False: older people are one of the most heterogenous age groups

A

true

50
Q

True or False: older people are one of the most heterogenous age groups

A

true

51
Q

In 2018, population 80+ totalled at ___ million

A

1.6

52
Q

85+ showed more than a five-fold increase from _____ (1971) to ____ (2016)

A

139,000 to 770,780

53
Q

In 2018 women outnumbered men __:__

A

5:1

54
Q

Old Age security pension

A

canada’s basic retirement income program, supplementing income of nearly all older people

55
Q

In 2017 Canada spent __billion on Old Age security pensions

A

50.6 billion

56
Q

Guaranteed Income Supplement

A

income supplement for poorest older people

57
Q

Allowance

A

income supplement program for spouse of pensioners who receive the Old Age Security pension and have combined income below a set amount

58
Q

___ million (females) vs ___ million (males) 65+ in 2016

A

3.2 million vs 2.7 million

59
Q

In 2016 women made up __% of all seniors

A

55%

60
Q

What is an expected life event

A

widowhood for women

61
Q

Indigenous communities have young populations due to

A

high fertility
lower life expectancy

62
Q

What does age in place men

A

seniors own their homes and prefer to stay there to age

63
Q

What are the three stages of senior mobility

A

Retirement stage
Freedom from the need to live near work allows people to move to a more pleasant climate and have a more relaxed lifestyle
Those in good health, grown children, good income tend to make lifestyle-related moves
Probability increases for elderly without physical limitations/cognitive problems, married, higher income, better education
Many retirees move temporarily (snowbirds)
Make fewer/shorter visits to seasonal locations when ones health declines, leading to….

Disability stage
Physical limitation leads older to move closer to children or others who can help
Likelihood increases with age and long-term illness/disability

Severe disability stage
Move to a nursing home or other long-term care facility
Absence of healthcare support leads to move

64
Q

Amenity migration

A

people return to locations where they get care/support from families

65
Q

What can population age be described as

A

senior tsunami

66
Q

Apocalyptic demography

A

use of demographic facts to project high costs of an aging population and predict that population aging will lead to economic and special crisis

67
Q

Overall dependency ratio

A

read as the # of dependent people per 100 people of working age

68
Q

Crude dependency ratio

A

based solely on the # of people in each group
Can be inaccurate…not all people people of working age work
Does not address economic burden of an older population
Does not account for face that children are mainly covered through transfers from the parents

69
Q

Models for Canadian policy

A

Japan, Germany, Sweden, France

2711 Aging (7 decks)

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