Week 2 Flashcards
Demography
Study of the size, structure (age) and distribution of human populations
Spatial or temporal changes
Aging is a major contributor to changes
Why are there more older people? 2 reasons
life expectancy
declining fertility rates
Life expectancy
the average number of years a person is projected to live: given no dramatic change in causes for death happens
Calculated based on current trends
Not the average age at the time of death
Declining fertility rates
the more important factor for population aging
How can we increase life expectancy
better medical treatment
better public health, effective health promotion
epidemiological transition
Epidemiological transition
he replacement of infectious diseases by chronic degenerative diseases over time due to
Expanded public health and sanitation or
changes in health behaviors
in what process does epidemiological transition happen
process of economic development
what is a demographic result of epidemiological transition
people live longer, chronic diseases doesn’t kill people quickly
What are two major historical trends in fertility rates
- Baby boom (1946-1964)
- Baby bust (after 1965)
Fertility rate
an individual measure, Average number of live births a women can be expected to have in her lifetime
NOT the number of times a women gets pregnant
Birth rate
A population measure
Number of live births per 1000 women
What is the third demographic force
immigration
Old age dependency ratio
the number of people age 65 and over divided by the population age 20 to 64
Youth dependency ratio
the number of people age 0 to 19 divided by the population age 20 to 64
Demographic determinism
demography determines social relations
Population aging = economic/social crisis= ____ ____?
apocalyptic demography
How can you make it less apocalyptic?
- improvement in health
2.policy changes
What are some benefits of an older population
Lower crime rate
Healthier lifestyle
Improving economy
Keeper of traditions and language
Crucial for indigenous populations
Unpaid (hidden) contributions
Helping family
Volunteering
What is the Canadian Community Health Survey
Focus on healthy aging in 2009
Uses multidisciplinary approach focusing on health, social and economic determinants
Canadian institute for Health research
Goal: “to improve the quality of life and health of older Canadians by understanding and addressing the consequences of a wide range of factors associated with aging”
Provides funding for research
Seeks out partnerships with other agencies with similar interests
Stays connected to community
_____ countries created pensions & other welfare programs:requires economy and political system supporting these programs
_____ nations don’t have social services or economic resources to help elderly poor
developed developing
By 2036 we will have . million to . million older people
9.9-10.9 million
Median Age
1/2 the population is older and 1/2 is younger than the median age
What are the three conditions affecting age population size and structure
immigration
death rate
birth rate
Immigration in the first decade of the _20th century accounted for _% of total population increase
44%
How old are most immigrants today
25-54 years
Death rate
of deaths per 1,000 people in a population
Life expectancy at 65 increased to __ years (M) and __(W) by 1931
13 and 14
Life expectancy @ birth increased to __(M) and __ (F) (2016-2018)
79.9, 84.1
Infant mortality rate fell to ___ (2012) compared to ____ (1926)
5/1000, 100/1000
During covid, people 60+ = ___ of all cases, ___hospitalized, 59.7% ICU patients, 96.8% deaths
31.5%, 69.7% hospitalized, ____ ICU patients, ___ deaths
In covid, people 80+ = __% of deaths
71.4%
Birth rate
of births per 1,000 women in a population
Demographic transition
population changes from high birth/death rate to low birth/death rate condition
birth rate dropped __ from 1851-1951
30%
Baby boom
sharp rise in fertility rate from 1946-1965 (after WWII)
Rose from 2.83-3.84
Age specific birth rate nearly doubled for women under 20, from 30.7 - 59.7 @peak baby boom in 1959
Baby bust
sharp drop in fertility rate from mid 1960s+
After 1965 canada went into baby bust due to
Use of birth control pill
Increased participation of women in labor force
Age specific birth rate
of births per 1000 women in a given age group
Total birthed doubled from ___ in 1941 to ___ in 1961
264,000, 476,000
Why did Canada have the loudest baby boom in the industrialized world
Good economy: people felt confident about the future
Large # of immigrants: many of child-bearing age
Baby boom reversed trends that begun in the 19th century
To reach replacement level the fertility rate of 1.5 in 2018 would need to increase to
2.1
fertility rate 65 years + rose from 7.6% to __% (1961-2016)
16.9
What are the stages of demographic transition
Stage I: High fertility and high mortality. Small population. Slow and varied population growth. High proportion of young people, small proportion of older people.
Stage II: High fertility; mortality begins to decline. Population begins to grow as more children survive. Population explosion may occur and society may get younger. Small proportion of elderly people.
Stage III: Fertility declines and mortality declines further. Population growth begins to level off at larger size. This is the stage of the transition from a young high-growth to an older low-growth population. Older population begins to grow as a proportion of the population.
Stage IV: Low fertility, low mortality. Low population growth and large proportion of older people in the population.
What age do Canadian demographers use as an easy way to mark the start of old age
65+
Prospective aging
allows demographers to compare populations with different life expectancies, and compare one society at different points in time as life expectancy increases
Prospective aging helps society better calculate the start of pension plans/other benefits
2770,780 elderly 85+ make up __% of the total population and 16% of the senior population
2.2%, 13%
How many centenarians are there in 2016
8,230
What are the three stages of Canadas demographic transition that took place before 1850
Before 1850
High rates of death, birth & immigration
Kept average age of Canadians low
After 1850
Major declines in birth and death rates
Today
Low death & birth rates, aging population
Population pyramid changed from wide-based, triangular shape to an increasingly rectangular one
Higher proportion of women
Significant growth in size of older age cohorts (+ aging of baby boomers)
True or False: older people are one of the most heterogenous age groups
true
True or False: older people are one of the most heterogenous age groups
true
In 2018, population 80+ totalled at ___ million
1.6
85+ showed more than a five-fold increase from _____ (1971) to ____ (2016)
139,000 to 770,780
In 2018 women outnumbered men __:__
5:1
Old Age security pension
canada’s basic retirement income program, supplementing income of nearly all older people
In 2017 Canada spent __billion on Old Age security pensions
50.6 billion
Guaranteed Income Supplement
income supplement for poorest older people
Allowance
income supplement program for spouse of pensioners who receive the Old Age Security pension and have combined income below a set amount
___ million (females) vs ___ million (males) 65+ in 2016
3.2 million vs 2.7 million
In 2016 women made up __% of all seniors
55%
What is an expected life event
widowhood for women
Indigenous communities have young populations due to
high fertility
lower life expectancy
What does age in place men
seniors own their homes and prefer to stay there to age
What are the three stages of senior mobility
Retirement stage
Freedom from the need to live near work allows people to move to a more pleasant climate and have a more relaxed lifestyle
Those in good health, grown children, good income tend to make lifestyle-related moves
Probability increases for elderly without physical limitations/cognitive problems, married, higher income, better education
Many retirees move temporarily (snowbirds)
Make fewer/shorter visits to seasonal locations when ones health declines, leading to….
Disability stage
Physical limitation leads older to move closer to children or others who can help
Likelihood increases with age and long-term illness/disability
Severe disability stage
Move to a nursing home or other long-term care facility
Absence of healthcare support leads to move
Amenity migration
people return to locations where they get care/support from families
What can population age be described as
senior tsunami
Apocalyptic demography
use of demographic facts to project high costs of an aging population and predict that population aging will lead to economic and special crisis
Overall dependency ratio
read as the # of dependent people per 100 people of working age
Crude dependency ratio
based solely on the # of people in each group
Can be inaccurate…not all people people of working age work
Does not address economic burden of an older population
Does not account for face that children are mainly covered through transfers from the parents
Models for Canadian policy
Japan, Germany, Sweden, France
