Week 2 Flashcards
(41 cards)
Charles Darwins look on emotions
Emotions and emotional expressions are UNIVERSAL
Ekmans view on emotions
There are six basic emotions
Evidence universality of emotions
Pride (cause involves whole body)
=> erect posture, head tilled back, slight smile, arms extending away or armen over elkaar
Controversy about universality of some emotions
Minachting, shame and interest
Two perspectives of defining emotions
James-Lange Theory of emotions & Two-factor theory of emotions
James-Lange theory of emotions
STIMULUS/SITUATION => RESPONSE => SUBJECTIVE EMOTION
VB) Bear attack => Pounding heart => fear
The response stems from autonomic nerves system. No physiological response equals no emotion
Two-Factor theory of emotions
STIMULUS/SITUATION => RESPONSE => INTERPRETATION => SUBJECTIVE EMOTION
VB 1) bear attack => pounding heart => interpretation => fear
VB 2) competitor in a race => pounding heart => interpretation => excitement or fear
James Lange focuses on physiology
Predicts that emotions should be universal due to physiological similarities of all humans
Two factor focuses on interpretation
Predicts that emotions should vary across cultures because different cultural experiences may lead us to have different interpretations of physiological responses
Display rules
Dictate the intensity of expressions when an expression is appropriate (norms learned early in life)
Some cultures encourage intens emotional expressions, others veroordelen public displays of anger. Some prefer emotional smoothness, avoiding displays whether positive or negative
Recognising emotions
Emotions are recognised more correctly in someone from the same culture.
Peoples brains show a greater response when seeing an expression on the face of someone from the same culture
Ritualised displays
Culturally eigenzinnige facial expressions that are not recognised universally
Describing emotional experiences (research)
Study on physiological response to anger provoking event. Europian canadian vs chinese canadian. Both groups equally angry.
=> Chinese canadians blood pressure returned to the baseline quicker
=> suggest that chinese canadians are more comfortable with anger suppression. Other group may have more negative physiological effects.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Proposes that we use our facial expressions to infer our emotional state. This suggest that by making a particular emotional expression, we can think that we are experiencing the corresponding emotion. Implies cultural diversity in emotions. If our culture has rules regarding the intensity of our expressions (display rules) they may also affect the intensity of emotional experiences. However EFFECTS ARE SMALL AND VARIABLE!
(potlood in mond)
Cultural differences in subjective well-being can be affected by;
Wealth, human rights and equity, theory regarding what happiness is and how happy cultures think that they should feel, definition of life satisfaction (indicidualistic > positive emotions and collectivistic > respected for living up the norm.
Happiness and subjective well-being across cultures
Central value of many people in western cultures. Roots of happiness in 18th century during enlightenment. => world is seen as more predictable and rational (earlier result of luck).
When cultures define happiness as luck, less happy feelings.
Culture and happiness
Vary in terms of importance that they ascribe to happiness.
Experiment: game fun but not usefull vs. Usefull but dull. => europian canadians fun game and asian americans usefull game.
Similar findings when choosing made up university courses.
Theories satisfying life
Retrospective studies: east asians recalled having more balanced emotional states while Americans recalled being happier than they actually were.
East Asian believe in experiencing more balanced emotions, where Americans believe they should be happy in general.
4 compounds of emotions
Feelings, cognitive processes, bodily arousal and behaviour.
Definition motivation
Any condition that initiates, activates, or maintains the individuals goal directed behaviour.
Prevention orientation
Trying to avoid negative outcomes
Study example: studying because you want to avoid missing an opportunity
Acculturation example: trying not to lose the values of your home country
COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURE
Promotion orientation
Striving to secure positive outcomes
Study example: studying because you want to find a well job you’ll enjoy
Acculturation example: trying to learn the language soon after migration to obtain a sense of belonging
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURE
Self enhancement
Motivation to view oneself positively
Is more pronounced in the west, and WEIRD samples as independent view of self.
Example:
Western) more external attributions after failure, discount importance of task after failure.
Eastern) more external attributions after successes, emphasises importance of task after failure.
Face
Social value given by others if one fulfills obligations and expectations (collectivistic cultures: fitting in society and gain face) vb. brand items become important to gain face, more easily lost than gained.
