Week 1

Question 1

What does culture influence in the positive concept of health and negative concepts of illness?

Answer 1

1) Wat de health of illness vormt (culture specific illnesses)
2) wat de health of illness kan veroorzaken (personalistic vs. “Western” mechanistic view)
3) wat er tegen health en illness gedaan kan worden (gewoonte om health care op the zoeken en hoe acceptabel het is)

Question 2

Wat is culture?

Answer 2

Een set van impliciete en expliciete informatie dat het individu verwerft als lid van een bepaalde society of context. Het gaat ook om het doorgeven van deze informatie/richtlijnen aan de volgende generatie.

Question 3

Voorbeelden van definitie cultuur

Answer 3

1) hoe je naar de wereld kijkt
2) hoe je emoties ervaart
3) hoe je je moet gedragen in relatie tot anderen
4) hoe je omgaat met bovennatuurlijke krachten of goden
5) hoe je omgaat met de natuurlijke omgeving

Question 4

Metaforen cultuur

Answer 4

1) een lens waardoor het individu de wereld ervaart, het begrijpen van de wereld waar hij op woont en leert hoe daarmee te leven.
2) de groep of de context zelf

Question 5

Challenges to define culture

Answer 5

1) cultural boundries are not distinct, often unclear
2) cultures are dynamic and change over time
3) there are as many variations within culture as between cultures (problem with stereotypes, artificial/ false tweedelingen should be avoided)

Question 6

Primary level of culture

Answer 6

Roots.
Rules that are known to all, obeyed by all, but IMPLICIT, generally out of awareness.
=> hidden, stable and resistant to change.

Question 7

Secundaire level of culture

Answer 7

Social norms.
Underlying shared beliefs and rules, known to the insiders but rarely shared with outsiders.

Question 8

Tertiary level of culture

Answer 8

Facade of a culture
Explicit manifest culture, visible to outsider.
=> social rituals, traditional dress, national cuisine, festive occasions.

Question 9

Absolute approach

Answer 9

Psychologische fenomenen zijn hetzelfde across cultures, processen en gedrag veranderen

Question 10

Relativist approach

Answer 10

Psychologische fenomenen bestaan alleen within the context van een cultuur

Question 11

General psychology

Answer 11

Focust op universals en probeert soms culturele variatie te controleren

Question 12

Cultural psychology

Answer 12

Focust op culturele variatie in terms of de psychologische consequenties van cultuur.
1) bestudeerd de verschillende meaning systems originating from different environments
2) assumes that mind and culture are entangled
3) assumes that thoughts are shaped by context

Question 13

Abstract definitions

Answer 13

Generally lead to evidence supporting UNIVERSALITY

Question 14

Concrete definitions

Answer 14

Generally lead to evidence supporting VARIABILITY.

Question 15

Nonuniversal degree of universality

Answer 15

Cognitive tool that is not found in all cultures (other criteria, thus irrelevant)
=> abacus

Question 16

Existential universal degree of universality

Answer 16

Cognitive tool that is found in all cultures that serve different functions and is available to some degree in different cultures
=> increased persistence in the face of failure

Question 17

Functional universal degree of universality

Answer 17

Cognitive tool found in all cultures to serve the same function but is also accessible to different degrees in different cultures.
=> fairness- based punishments

Question 18

Accessibility universal degree of universality

Answer 18

Cognitive tool found in all cultures that serves the same functions and is accessible to same degree.
=> social facilitation: neiging van mensen om eenvoudige taken beter te volbrengen als er andere mensen in de buurt zijn.

Question 19

5 cultural dimensions of Hofstede

Answer 19

1) individualism/collectivism: how independent is a culture?
2) uncertainty avoidance: how do people deal with ambiguity?
3) Power distance: how hierarchical is a culture?
4) long term/ short term orientation: connection with traditions and economic orientations
5) masculinity/ femininity: how distinct are gender roles? Distribution of classical male/female traits.

LET OP: niet absoluut, wel dominant

Question 20

Generalisations

Answer 20

Groups also vary in homogeneity; individual differences and layers within cultures.

Question 21

Socio Economic Status (SES)

Answer 21

Specially relevant for health. Interaction with culture.

Question 22

Differences SES in smoking, alcohol and healthy food intake within western cultures

Answer 22

Smoking: lower SES > smoking, higher SES > attempts to quit
Alcohol: lower SES > alcohol consumption
Food intake: higher SES > healthy food intake

Question 23

Color blind approach

Answer 23

Benadrukt veelvoorkomend menselijke natuur, negeert cultural differences.
=> triviale verschillen between groups kunnen vaak leiden tot discriminatie

Question 24

Multicultural approach

Answer 24

Ziet dat groepsidentiteiten kunnen verschillen (vooral minderheden).
=> het negeren van deze groepsverschillen kan leiden tot negatieve reacties (SUPPORTED)

Question 25

Recognise our own ethnocentrism

Answer 25

Perceiving one’s own culture as standard of comparison. Tendency to judge people from other cultures negatively by comparing them to your own culture.

Question 26

Who is WEIRD?

Answer 26

Western Educated Industrialised Rich Democratic => 96% of all research on this target group, but representate only 16% of world population

Question 27

Evidence of WEIRD thinking has been shown by contrasting….

Answer 27

Western vs non western Industrialised vs non industrialised Americans vs other westerns Uni educated Americans vs other Americans

Question 28

WEIRD population differs in

Answer 28

Visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self concepts and related motivations, and heritability of IQ.

Question 29

Cross cultural psychology

Answer 29

Aims to better understand the full distribution of human psychology and the implications of cross-cultural variations. => helps us to interact in a globalising world and multicultural societies.

Question 30

Methodological equivalence

Answer 30

How easily can you apply measures across cultures? => extensive piloting and validation

Question 31

Questionnaire translation

Answer 31

Proces of forward and backward translation to achieve ‘equilibrium’

Question 32

Process of translation

Answer 32

1) two independent foreward translations need to be resolved 2) back translation needs to be resolved 3) repeat if necessary 4) validate in new population ( rare, cause need n>300)

Question 33

Response bias

Answer 33

Extremity bias: only score 1&7 Moderacy bias: only score the middle one (4) => force yes no questions Acquiescence bias: aka agreement bias => reverse some questions

Question 34

Reference group effect

Answer 34

The response to questions may depend on the group that one is using for reference. => hoe zou iemand regeren op de vraag: ik ben lang.

Question 35

Reference group effect tegen gaan

Answer 35

Specifieke scenarios gebruiken als vraag, frequenties vragen, andere measures gebruiken (psychologisch of gedragsmatig)

Question 36

Deprivation effect

Answer 36

The tendency to report to value what they would like, not what they have. => no clear solution, just interpret results with caution.

Question 37

Unpackaging culture

Answer 37

Identifying underlying variables that create cultural differences in two steps: 1) demonstrate a cultural difference in the proposed underlying variable 2) show that underlying variable is related to cultural difference in question

Question 38

Situation sampling

Answer 38

Two step method: 1) each culture generate situations during which they experience a psychological phenomenon 2) another group assesses full complied list of situations generated by both cultures in step 1 Two types of analyses: 1) cultural differences in how participants respond to the same situation 2) cultural differences in the types of experiences/situations that people have

Question 39

Cultural priming

Answer 39

Entails inducing cultural ways of thinking that were not enculturated by the participant’s cultural group. (Considers level of universality) => priming individualism by forcing people to use first person singular pronouns (I, me) vs. Priming collectivism by forcing people to use we and us

Question 40

Mixed methods

Answer 40

Best solution to near perfect study design is to use multiple different methods to avoid alternative explanations and flaws. Use this to replicate findings while disproving alternative accounts provides the most compelling evidence.

Question 41

Challenges cross cultural health research

Answer 41

Language barrier, limitations of practical settings, types and prevalence of disorders may be different, health communication more difficult across cultures (translation, adaptation, and validation => time consuming and costly)