Week 2

Question 1

What does it result in if a muscle has greater muscle stiffness.

Answer 1

Less deformation or change in shape.

Question 2

What affects the likelihood that a force will cause injury.

Answer 2

The direction of the force and the area in which the force is applied.

Question 3

What is the yield point?

Answer 3

The point that exceeds the amount of load the tissue can handle.

Question 4

What is the elastic zone on a load-deformation curve?

Answer 4

The zone where the muscle can come back to its original shape once a load has been placed on it.

Question 5

What are the 2 types of load? Describe what each type is?

Answer 5

Axial Load is when the forces act along the lines of the tissue while Shear loads of loads that act in parallel to the plane in which rotational movement is occuring.

Question 6

What are the 3 types of loads associated with bending forces?

Answer 6

1) Compressive axial load- combination of tensive and compressive forces.
2) 4 point load- two pairs of forces equal in magnitude but acting at different ends of the bone.
3) 3 point load: 3 forces acting at distal, proximal and centre of bone.

Question 7

What is the difference between acute and chronic injury?

Answer 7

Acute: single application of a large force to cause macrotrauma. Injury the moment of onset.

Chronic: repeated loading that worsens over time - muicrotrauma.

Question 8

What is the role of collagen?

Answer 8

Provides strength and flexibility to muscle types.

Question 9

What is the difference between abrasions and blisters?

Answer 9

Abrasions- caused by shear forces (acute)

Blisters- repeated shear forces (chronic) causing a pocket of fluid between the epidermis and dermis.

Question 10

What is the difference between incisions, lacerations and avulsions?

Answer 10

Incisions- clean lines. Tensile force.
Lacerations- jagged edges and harder to suture. Compression and tensile
Avulsions- when tissue is pulled away from underlying structures.

Question 11

What are third degree contusions? What are some symptoms?

Answer 11

Deeper tissues are crushed where fascia and surrounding muscle may rupture causing swollen tissues to protrude. Possible muscle spasms, severe swelling and loss of function.

Question 12

When do you have complete failure due to a sprain (ligament)?

Answer 12

NO more load can be placed on the ligament because there is nothing to it.

Question 13

What is a good sign that someone has a third degree sprain?

Answer 13

No pain when stretching and maybe increased range of motion. Ligament is severely injured, no pain receptors.

Question 14

What is the difference between subluxation or dislocation?

Answer 14

Dislocation- 2 joint surfaces are no longer in contact.

Subluxation- stretching of the joint capsule.

Question 15

Why is there a lot of swelling with muscle strains?

Answer 15

Because muscle is surrounded by fascia that is rigid and does not allow the strained muscle to expand alot, causing lots of swelling.

Question 16

What is the difference tendinitis, tendinosis and tenosynovitis?

Answer 16

Tendinitis- inflammation of tendon- not likely due to general lack of blood supply.
Tendininosis- changes in a tendon overtime due to overuse.
Tenosynovitis- inflammation of the synovial sheath that covers the tendon.

Question 17

What are the nerves most susceptible to injury?

Answer 17

Brachial plexus- more suspecptible to stretch from compression. Can feel numbness or tingling.

Question 18

What are myotermes and dermatomes.

Answer 18

M- muscle supplued by a nerve.

D- region of skin supplied by a nerve.

Question 19

What are the 3 phases that make up the healing process.

Answer 19

Inflammatory response phase
Fibroblastic repair phase
Maturation- remodeling phase.

Question 20

What happens during inflammation?

Answer 20

1) Vasoconstriction to reduce magnitude of injury (5 to 10 minutes).
2) Rapid period of vasodilation- allows for migration of chemical mediators to help rebuild tissue.
3) Fibroblasts not aligned yet- are loaded to form collagen and restore tissue.
4) Clot formation

Question 21

What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation.

Answer 21

SHARP
swelling, heat, altered function, redness and pain.
everything other than altered function is due to histochemical cascades.

Question 22

What do you have to be careful with when supplying ice for injury?

Answer 22

Raynaud’s disease- common for females in their early 20s where they will get white fingertips.

Question 23

What is the treatment for inflammation?

Answer 23

POLICE 
protect
optimal loading 
ice
compression
elevation

Question 24

When do you use an ice massage?

Answer 24

For small areas and trigger points for 5 to 15 minutes. Individual loses sensation quickly.

Question 25

Why do you want to complete passive movement when an individual is injured?

Answer 25

To prevent loss of range of motion, adhesions.

Question 26

What processes occur in the fibroblastic repair phase?

Answer 26

Repair and regeneration of tissue- development of new blood vessels, fibrous tissue formation, re-epithelization and wound contraction leading to scar formation.

Question 27

What are key characteristics of the maturation remodeling phase?

Answer 27

Remodeling of fibrous matrix to form mature scare tissue and return to normal histochemical activity.

Question 28

What is important about scar tissue in the long run.

Answer 28

It will never return completely to its prior strength and flexibility.

Question 29

List 6 factors that impeded healing.

Answer 29

• Extent of injury
• Hemorrhage
• Seperation of tissue
• Muscle Spasm
• Poor blood supply
• Infection

Question 30

When doing a primary scan where do they take blood pressure from?

Answer 30

Brachial and femoral arteries.

Question 31

What is important when checking someone’s breathing?

Answer 31

Make sure, they don’t know you are checking it because it may change.

Question 32

What may cause one’s pupils to dilate or one of them to? Is this bad?

Answer 32

Yes it’s bad- cerebral injury.

Question 33

How do you asses someone if you don’t know where their injury is?

Answer 33

Start at head and move distally.

Question 34

What are signs of shock?

Answer 34

Agitation
Weak pulse 
Irregular breathing
Clammy skin 
Cyanosis 
Sweating 
Dilated pupils
Eventual Unconsciousness

Question 35

When someone leg is broken, do you raise the legs? Don’t you want to facilitate more blood to the area?

Answer 35

No- can cause further damage. Only raise legs once individual is on a spine board and immobilized.

Question 36

What are things one can do to prevent cold injuries?

Answer 36

Acclimatization
Apparel
Replace fluids and calories
Weight records
Avoid alochol.

Question 37

Why do we get patients to rate their pain on a scale from 1-10?

Answer 37

Pain is subjective so we need a way to objective the information in order to help with our plan of action.

Question 38

What does HOPE stand for?

Answer 38

History, observation, palpitation, exam.

Question 39

How do you build trust with an individual who is injured?

Answer 39

Palpate and investigate the uninjured side first. Also tells you how that body part normally works.

Question 40

What are you checking for when you are palpating an individual?

Answer 40

Deformities 
Soft Tissue
Skin Temperature (is it hot?) 
Swelling 
Tenderness
Crepitus 
Pulse 
Ability for them to feel you touching them.

Question 41

What are exams used for?

Answer 41

Functionally testing one’s ROM, stress tests, neurological testing and sport-specific testing.

Question 42

When during a neurological exam how to you test for cerebral function and cerebellar function.

Answer 42

Cerebral Function- can see through emotions and language.

Cerebellar Function- movement and coordination.

Question 43

When discovering an injury within myodermes (muscles innervated by a single nerve root) what does this mean?

Answer 43

Injury probably is not within the spinal cord, but the periphery.