Week 13: Muscoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 2 bone locations?
Axial & appendicular
Name the parts of the long bone from top to bottom?
proximal epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, distal epiphysis
What is the central cavity called?
medullary cavity
What are the 2 layers of bone?
compact bone
callceous bone
What is the arrangement of compact bone?
osteons or haverasian systems
Describe the features of the lamalae?
concentric bone layers
(the squares), between lamalla are tiny spaces called lacuna where osteocytes are contained
Describe the features of the lacunae?
Between lamalae are tiny spaces known as lacunae, that contain the osteocyte
Describe the features of the canaliculi?
are tiny canals that that are in contact with neighbouring osteocytes
enables nutrients and oxygen to pass from the central vessels in the Haverasian canal to the furthest away lamalla
What is the haverasian canal?
at the centre of an osteon that contains blood vessels, oxygen & nerves
What is the endostium?
Thin layer of vasualr connective tissue, surrounds the medullary canal
What is the periostium?
dense vasuclar connective tissue
lines the external bone and allows for tendons to attach
What are the steps in fracture repair?
fracture, haemotoma, cartilage, callus, bone remodelling
Is bone living tissue?
YES, has the ability to heal
What are the 4 components of the upper limb?
pectoral gridle, upper arm, lower arm, hand
Components of the pectoral gridle?
- Scapula (plate below the collarbone),
- Clavicle (shoulder, collarbone)
Components of the upper arm?
humerus
Components of the lower are?
radius (left)
ulna (right)
Components of the hand?
- Carpal bones, wrist area
- Metacarpal, lower finger
- Phalanges, upper finger (end)
Components of the lower leg?
pelivic gridle,
thigh, leg, foot
What are the components of the pelvic gridle?
pelvic bone
What are the components of the thigh?
femur, more l_ shaped epiphysis and neck
What are the components of the leg?
- Tibula (thicker on inside)
- Fibula (thinner on outside)
What are the components of the foot?
- Ankle (tarsal bones)
- Metatarsal bones (long foot part)
- Phalanges (toes)
Muscle definition?
classified according to shape and arrangement of their muscle fibres
What is the components of a tendon?
belly and tendon
What are the 5 types of muscle and tendon classification?
- Fusiform (tappers at both ends)
- Flat sheet (attach muscle to muscle)
- Unipennate (muscle fibres only found on one side)
- Bipennate (muscle fibres found on either side)
- Multipennate (searal tendons or origin)
What are tendons and ligaments composed of?
dense connective tissue with high collagen content
How do tendons create movement?
transfer force between muscle and bone
Between what two structures are ligaments normally found?
bone and bone
Features of ligaments?
generally stiff, inelastic structures that stabilise joints by limiting movement in specific directions
What is a fibroblast?
cell that synthesises the extracellular matrix and collagen, produce structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing. Fibroblasts are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.
stained pink, nuclei slightly darker
What does the intermediate tendon in muscle look like?
collagenous wave-like structure of a tendon between muscle fibres
What is the entheses?
tendon, ligament or joint capsule inserts into bone
Components of ethesis?
Parallel collagen fibres
Unmineralised fibrocartilage
Mineralised fibrocartilage
Cortical bone
What type of hinge joint does the elbow have?
synovial hinge joint
only flex and extend
Where are the ligaments located on the elbow hinge joint?
lateral and medial
What ligaments does the knee joint have?
- medial & lateral collateral ligament
- posterior and anterior cruciate ligament
Why does the knee joint need ligaments?
shape of the inferior end of the femur and the superior end of the tibia do not ‘fit’
particularly well together (i.e. low congruency)
What is the ligamentum flavum?
ligament that wraps around the spinal cord, stabilise intervertebral joints of the back
-very elastic
What ligaments does the intervertebral joints have?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Why is the ligamentum flavum have such a high elastic content?
to prevent bulking into the spinal cord.
vertebral canal & intervertebral foramen
What is abduction of shoulder joint?
moving arm up to head
What is adduction of shoulder joint?
moving arm downwards
What is lateral vs medial movement of the elbow joint?
- lateral move away from body
- medial move towards centre of body
Why does lamellae need a blood supply?
Healthy bone requires a substantial blood flow to supply the requisite oxygen and nutrients, and to eliminate carbon dioxide, acid and other metabolic waste products.
