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NUR 311: IPC > Week 12 - Topic 1: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Week 12 - Topic 1: Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How do URTIs happent?

A

Viruses attach to receptors in the cells of mucous membranes (eyes, nose, pharynx, throat, lungs)

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2
Q

Name some URTI

A 
Chronic/acute sinusitis
Acute rhinitis (allergic or viral)
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
Tonsilitis
Acute tracheobronchitis
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3
Q

Why do URTI often cause ear infections?

A

Because the auditory channel (eustachian tube) is connected to the pharynx, so viruses will travel from the URT to the middle ear to cause otitis media

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4
Q

What defense mechanism against microorganisms does the lacrimal apparatus have?

A

Tears: washing action + lysozymes + secretatory IgA

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5
Q

Why can URTI cause eye infections?

A

Viruses can travel from the URT to the eyes through the nasolacrimal duct. They can also block the lacrimal gland ducts from producing tears (defense mechanism)

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6
Q

What URT virus causes what kind of eye infection?

A

Adenovirus and pinkeye (conjuctivitis)

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7
Q

Why do people with respiratory illnesses, such as COPD, have a higher chance of infection?

A

They have difficulty getting rid of secretions = “clogged” lungs = microorganisms remain stuck in lungs = higher risk of pneumonia and infections

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8
Q

What delimitates the lower respiratory tract?

A

From the trachea to the lungs (alveoli)

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9
Q

What are 4 natural first line defences against respiratory infections?

A

1) Ciliated cells in bronchi to push viruses out
2) Coughing reflex
3) Exhaling contaminants out (air movement)
4) Macrophages in alveoli

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10
Q

What can interfere with out natural host defences against URTI?

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Being immunocompromised (loss of function in macrophages)
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11
Q

What are the 3 portal of entries for microorganisms in the respiratory tract?

A

1) Inoculation of conjunctiva or nasal passages
2) Aspiration of mouth flora or food (through choking)
3) Inhalation of small aerosolized droplets <3 um diameter

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12
Q

What is so dangerous about small aerosolized droplets?

A

They are small enough to bypass cilia and enter the lungs

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13
Q

How do you prevent inoculation of conjuctiva and nasal passages?

A

Do not touch your face

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14
Q

What is an endemic?

A

Disease that perpetually exists in a particular region/population

Ex: TB in certain areas

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15
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

The occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community
Excess = more than 3 cases

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16
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

When it spreads to several communities at about the same time

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17
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When it spreads throughout the world, over several countries/continents –> usually occurs URTI

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18
Q

What are 3 normal flora that cause infections in the nares?

A

1) Haemophilus influenzae
2) Moraxella catarrhalis
3) Staph aureus

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19
Q

What are the 3 normal flora that cause infections in the pharynx?

A

1) Staph spp.
2) Strep pneumoniae
3) Strep pyognes (Group A) –> only some people are carriers

**all gram + cocci

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20
Q

What are the 7 normal flora that cause infections in the eye?

A

Gram + cocci:

1) Staph aureus
2) Staph epidermidis
3) Strep spp

Gram + bacilli:

4) Corynebacterium spp
5) Propionibacterium acnes

Gram - cocci:

6) Moraxella
7) Neisseria spp

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21
Q

True or False: Most infections are spread through contact + droplet.

A

True

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22
Q

How does conjunctivitis usually happen?

A

Self inoculation by touching the mucous membranes of the eyes

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23
Q

How do you prevent conjunctivitis (3)?

A

1) Hand hygiene
2) Environmental cleaning of high touch surfaces
3) High level disinfection of instruments that touch eyes (ex: eye pressure inducer at optometry clinics)

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24
Q

What mode of transmission is conjunctivitis?

A

Contract droplet

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25
Q

What PPE do you need for contact droplet?

A

1) Gown
2) Mask
3) Face shield
4) Gloves

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26
Q

What commonly causes sinusitis (3 bacteria)?

A

1) Strep pneumoniae
2) Haemophilus influenzae
3) Moxarella catarrhalis

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27
Q

True or False: Infections that cause sinusitis are not transmissible.

A

True

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28
Q

What bacteria causes pharyngitis?

A

beta-hemolytic strep pyogenes (Group A)

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29
Q

What bacteria causes epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

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30
Q

What mode of transmission is pharyngitis?

A

Droplet

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31
Q

What mode of transmission is epiglottitis?

A

Droplet

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32
Q

What PPE do you need for droplet precautions?

A

1) Mask

2) Face shield

33
Q

What are symptoms of Group A Strep infection?

A

Sandpaper rash with tiny bumps
Skin peeling
Raw red sore throat
Fever, malaise, headache

34
Q

The toxins in Group A Strep trigger which disease?

A

Scarlet fever

35
Q

If untreated, what does Group A Strep infection evolve into?

A

Rheumatic fever (pain in heart and joints)

36
Q

How does a Group A Strep infection evolve?

A

Respiratory droplets enter the body = pharyngitis (red pharynx, swollen lymph nodes, tonsils abscess, fever) = laryngitis if spread to trachea = bronchitis if spread to bronchi = scarlet fever (rash) from erythrogenic toxins = rheumatic fever

37
Q

How long are Strep pyogenes people infectious for?

A

2-3 weeks

38
Q

When do Strep pyogenes people stop being contagious?

A

24h after beginning antibiotic treatment

39
Q

What causes Hand Foot and Mouth disease (3)?

A

Enterovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses

40
Q

What virus is part of the enterovirus genus but does not cause Hand Foot Mouth disease?

A

Poliovirus

41
Q

How does enteroviruses enter, replicate in and leave the body?

A
  • Entry via aerosol or ingestion
  • Replication in the oropharynx
  • Replication in the GI tract
  • Circulation in the bloodstream (viremia)
  • Possible secondary viremia in different target tissue
  • Excreted in the feces
42
Q

What viruses can cause meningitis?

A
  • Echo
  • Polio
  • Coxsackievirus
43
Q

What viruses can cause encephalitis and paralysis?

A
  • Polio

- Coxsackievirus

44
Q

What mode of transmission is enterovirus group infections?

A

Contact and droplet

45
Q

How is are enteroviruses transmitted?

A

Close mucous to mucous + feces

46
Q

Why is Hand Foot and Mouth Disease so common in kids?

A

Daycares deal a lot with feces containing diapers that transmit the virus.

47
Q

What is the manifestation of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease?

A

Sores/rashes on the soles of feet, palms of hands, in and around the mouth

48
Q

What are the 8 types of human herpesvirus?

A

1) Herpes simplex virus type 1
2) Type 2
3) Varicella-zoster virus
4) Epstein-Barr virus
5) Cytomegalovirus
6) Human herpesvirus 6
7) 7
8) Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

49
Q

What does HSV type 1 and 2 cause?

A

Genital herpes, mouth sores

50
Q

What does the Epstein-Barr virus cause (3)?

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Hepatitis
Encephalitis

51
Q

What does cytomegalovirus cause (2)?

A

CMV mononucleosis

Congenital disease

52
Q

What does human herpesvirus 6 and 7 cause?

A

Roseola infantum

53
Q

What types of patients usually have Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus?

A

AIDS patients

54
Q

How is herpesvirus transmitted?

A

Close mucous to mucous contact

55
Q

What is the mode of transmission of roseola?

A

Droplet

56
Q

What are the symptoms of roseola?

A

Red ish patchy rashes that come and go

Toddler is perfectly healthy

57
Q

What mode of transmission is Bordetella pertussis?

A

Droplet

58
Q

When are pertussis people infectious?

A

After the incubation period (5-10 days, max 3 weeks)

59
Q

When is the paroxysmal stage of pertussis and what happens?

A

When: 1-6 weeks after incubation
What: whooping cough

60
Q

What causes croup?

A

Parainfluenza 1,2,3

61
Q

What are the sx of croup?

A

Starts with a cold

Ends with a harsh barking cough (like a seal) + high pitched stridor

62
Q

What causing the stridor and barking cough in croup?

A

Swelling and narrowing of the trachea, larynx, and bronchi

63
Q

What causes mumps?

A

Viral: Paramyxovirus of the rubulavirus family

64
Q

What are the symptoms of mumps?

A

Swollen salivary parotid glands = puffy cheeks and swollen jaw

65
Q

What mode of transmission is mumps?

A

Droplet

66
Q

What 7 viruses cause the common cold?

A

1) Rhinovirus
2) Coronavirus
3) Adenovirus
4) Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
5) Parainfluenza
6) Respiratory Syncytial virus (esp children)
7) Enterovirus

67
Q

What mode of transmission is the common cold?

A

Contact + droplet

68
Q

Your friend has the common cold and just sneezed. Being a fan of your IPC class, you want to count the viral load in his secretion. How much do you find?

A

100,000 virions/ml of resp secretions

69
Q

What were the two outbreaks associated with coronavirus prior to 2019?

A

2002: SARS-CoV
2012: MERS-CoV

70
Q

What helped contain the spread of MERS-CoV

A

Early recognition + initiation of contact precautions

71
Q

What are the sx of measles (including the 3 Cs)?

A
  • High fever 40°C
  • 3 Cs: conjunctivitis, cough, coryza
  • Koplik rash spots on mucous membranes
  • Photophobia, perioribital edema
72
Q

What is coryza?

A

Runny nose and eyes

73
Q

When are measles people contagious?

A

4 days before and 4 days after the onset of rash

74
Q

True or False: Viruses spread more easily in warmer temperatures. Explain.

A

False in cold T°
The lowered humidity allows the virus to live longer in droplets and to attach more easily to dried out nasal passages + people do more crowded indoor activities

75
Q

When is viral load highest for someone (2)?

A

During febrile period
When they have pneumonia

They shed a lot more

76
Q

What groups of people shed for longer periods of time?

A 
Children (14 days vs 7 for adults)
Immunocompormised people (several months)
77
Q

Which 2 viruses circulate throughout the year?

A

Adenovirus and parainfluenza

78
Q

Which 2 viruses are mostly present during winter months?

A

Coronavirus and

Respiratory syncytial virus

79
Q

What causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis

bacteria

NUR 311: IPC (17 decks)

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