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NUR 311: IPC > Week 11 - Topic 1: GI Tract Disease & Bacterial Infection > Flashcards

Week 11 - Topic 1: GI Tract Disease & Bacterial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

When the number of cases exceeds what has been defined as “normal” in an area/season

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2
Q

What are the 6 type of GI infections?

A

1) Colitis
2) Diarrhea
3) Dysentery
4) Enteritis
5) Gastritis
6) Gastroenteritis

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3
Q

What is colitis?

A

Inflammation of large intestine

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4
Q

What is dysentery?

A

> 20-30 watery stools per day that may contain blood, mucus or pus

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5
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of stomach and intestines

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6
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Frequent discharge of liquid fecal matter (takes the shape of a container)

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7
Q

What is enteritis?

A

Inflammation of the small intestine

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8
Q

What is gastritis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach

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9
Q

How does the stomach protects itself against microorganisms?

A

Has a pH < 1 very acidic

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10
Q

How does the small intestine protects itself against microorganisms?

A
  • Bicarbonate-buffered pancreatic juices (pH = 9)
  • Enzymes (lysozymes, proteases, lipases) inhibit growth
  • Peristalsis dislodges bacteria
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11
Q

Where in the GI tract do we find the most flora?

A

Large intestine

A lot of gram -

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12
Q

What normal flora do we find in the stomach?

A

Aerobic organisms: lactobacilli and streptococci

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13
Q

What normal flora do we find in the small intestine?

A

Lactobacilli
E coli
Enterococcus faecalis

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14
Q

What normal flora do we find in the large intestine?

A

Anaerobic organisms: lactic acid bacteria, bacteroids, bifidobacterium bifidum

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15
Q

What are the 6 major causes of diarrhea?

A

1) Rx (iron, Abx)
2) Psychological stress
3) Allergies
4) Disease (Chron’s)
5) Procedures (gall bladder or stomach surgery)
6) Pathogens –> contagious

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16
Q

What prevents flora from overgrowing and how?

A

Neutrophiles

Keep the flora in the gut lumen contained (esp in large intestine) by being recruited when the flora secrete chemotaxins

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17
Q

What can reduce the # of neutrophiles in our body and affect GI bacteria?

A

Bone marrow fails
Over growth of pathogens
Chemo
Radiation

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18
Q

What happens when there are not enough neutrophiles to contain flora in GI tract?

A

Gut flora translocate to the bloodstream = secondary bacteremia

19
Q

Name some GI infection sx that is not diarrhea

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Cramping
Bloody stool
Liquid stool
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Bloating
Increased gas
Fatigue
Body aches, headache, fever, and other flu-like symptoms
20
Q

What must you document with regards to bowel patterns?

A 
Frequency of stool passage over 24h
Color
Consistency
Associated Sx
Odour
Bristol stool chart

–> compare with normal pattern of pt

21
Q

True or False: When you send out a sample for GI infection diagnosing, the lab will find all the pathogens.

A

False, you must specify which pathogens you are looking so they can perform specific tests that vary in sensitivity and specificity

22
Q

True or False: A rectal swab is used to culture for GI pathogens.

A

False, used to screen for MDROs.

Stool cultures are used to diagnose GI pathogens

23
Q

What is more infectious: liquid or formed stool

A

Liquid

But formed stool may also carry pathogens

24
Q

Why should you not send out urine/water mixed stool?

A

The test might not be sensitive enough for that diluted sample

25
Q

What are some MO that cause food poisonings?

A 
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium perfringens
Cronobacter
Cyclospora
E. coli O157:H7
Hepatitis A and E
Listeria monocytogenes
Marine Toxins in Bivalve Shellfish
Norovirus
Salmonella
Scombroid Poisoning
Shigella
Vibrio
26
Q

What fish can cause scombroid poisoning?

A

Fish used in sushi (tuna, mackerel, swordfish, marlin, mahi-mahi, sardines) that was not properly stored on ice

27
Q

What will you notice on the skin of those with scombroid poisining?

A

Red rash

28
Q

What predisposes (6) someone to having a GI infection?

A

1) Diminished secretion of gastric acid
2) Abx (decr. levels of stomach acid)
3) Alcoholism or liver disease (decr. phagocytic and chemotaxis capacity)
4) Lack of long term immunity for viral infections (norovirus)
5) Diminished levels of basic hygiene and increased contact with others
6) Asymptomatic shedders (typhoid)

29
Q

What can cause diminished secretion of gastric acid?

A
  • Extremes of ages (newborns, elderly)
  • Illnesses (pernicious anemia)
  • Infections (H pylori)
  • Gastric resection, diversion, or removal of vagus nerve
  • Anti-ulcer drugs that inhibit gastric acids by blocking H2
30
Q

What infections do people with diminished gastric acid commonly have?

A

Salmonella

Virbo cholerae

31
Q

What are the 7 F routes of transmission for GI?

A

Fecal oral:
-Feces / Foods / Fluids

Intermediary vehicles:
-Fingers / Flies / Fomites / Fornication

32
Q

What are complications of GI infections?

A
  • Dehydration **
  • Weight loss
  • Acute renal failure (E coli 0157)
  • Secondary bacterial infections (Shigella, salmonella, typhoid)
  • Miscarriage, fetal death
  • Septic shock
  • Death
33
Q

What bacteria commonly causes gastritis and ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori (reservoir is humans only!)

34
Q

How does H pylori cause gastritis and ulcers?

A

They compete with other bacteria on the gastric epithelium. They have an advantage because of a flagella (swim up the mucosal layer), can adhere to cells and release enzymes (urease) that neutralizes stomach acid to inhibit phagocytosis and cause ulcers.

35
Q

What bacteria commonly causes enteritis?

A

Campylobacter jejuni (reservoir is animals)

36
Q

What bacteria commonly causes diarrhea?

A
  • Vibrio cholera (reservoirs is feces and water)

- Vibrio vulnificus (mollusks, oysters, clams)

37
Q

What bacteria commonly causes gastroentiritis?

A

Salmonella sp

38
Q

What bacteria commonly causes enteric/typhoid fever?

A

Salmonella typhi (hosts are human only!!!)

39
Q

What bacteria commonly causes dysentery?

A

Shigella sp

40
Q

What bacteria commonly causes hemorrhagic diarrhea or hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

E coli 0157:H7 (reservoir cattle –> undercooked hamburgers!)

41
Q

What complications (5) does E coli 0157:H7 tend to cause?

A

1) Bloody diarrhea
2) Thrombocytopenia
3) Hemolytic Anemia
4) Acute Renal Failure
5) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

42
Q

What causes traveler’s diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxigenic E coli (produces toxins)

43
Q

How many types of E coli exist?

A

5

44
Q

What abnormal flora do you find in the esophagus?

A

Candida and herpes

NUR 311: IPC (17 decks)

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