Week 11 - Topic 2: Intoxication & Viral GI Infections Flashcards
What 4 bacteria can produce toxins in foods?
1) Clostridium perfringens
2) C botulinum
3) Staph aureus
4) Listeria monocytogenes
What 2 bacteria can produce spores in food?
1) Bacillus cereus
2) Clostridium botulinum
How can you get microbial intoxication?
- Raw meats, fish, eggs
- Food stored at room T° for long time
- Damage food cans
- Uncleaned blenders
- Improperly smoked seafood
- Contaminated raw produce
- Unpasteurized juices and milk
What is microbial intoxication?
When bacteria produce a toxin in the body after being ingested
Where do you find C botulinum?
In soil Raw produce (potatoes, root vegetables, salads)
How do you prevent microbial intoxication (4)?
- Proper storage (fridge)
- Washing/rinsing
- Heat food at 85°C for 5 min to inactivate toxin
- Add citric/phosphoric acid in prepared, chilled foods before packaged
What common viruses (2) cause GI infections in 1 year olds?
Enteric Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Why don’t we test for enteric adenovirus and astrovirus?
They are already very common and there is no tx for them anyway
What common viruses (3) cause GI infections in both kids and adults?
Calcivirus/norovirus
Rotavirus
Hep A
What do viral pathogens look like on electron micrographs?
Wheels
What are signs of dehydration in babies and kids?
- Dry mouth
- Lack of tears when crying
- No wet diaper for 3h+
- High fever
- Cranky and drowsy
- Sunken eyes, cheeks, fontanelles
- Low skin turgor when pinching it
What are signs of dehydration in adults?
- Dry mouth and throat
- Decrease in urine
- Feeling dizzy
- Fatigue and weakness
What are two types of ectoparasites that infect the GI?
1) Protozoans of GI: Toxoplasma gondii Cyclospora Giardia lamblia/duodenalis Cryptosporidium
2) Helminths:
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis)
Tapeworms (Taenia)
Roundworms
How does toxoplasma go from cats to humans?
Cat poops
Poop has parasite eggs
Eggs infect environment chickens, goats, pigs, litter box, garden
Cysts enter the animal meat eaten by humans if not cooked well
True or False: Humans infected with toxoplasma cannot donate organs.
True, the parasite may have penetrated their organs
Drinking what kind of raw milk can cause toxoplasma infection?
Raw goat milk
What parasite can pass from pregnant mom to the fetus?
Toxoplasma gondii
Where do you find cyclospora?
Fresh produce (basil, raspberries, snow peas)
What organ does cyclospora infect?
Small intestine of humans/animals
What causes giardiasis?
Giardia lamblia/duodenalis
What are the 2 forms of Giardia?
1) Trophozite –> motile feeding and attach to small intestine
2) Dorman cyst –> resistant to Cl-. heat and acid and attaches to colon
How many cysts do you need to be infected with Giardia?
10 cysts (very low) Shed 108-109 cysts in stool
How is Giardia transmitted?
Fecal oral route
What is Cryptosporidium extremely tolerant to?
Chlorine, hence why is survives in pools
What is the infectious dose of Cryptosporidium?
less than 10 oocytes
Shed 10^7-8 oocytes in a poop
True or False: You will shed Cryptosporidium oocytes for 30 days after you stop having GI sx.
False, 60 days
What is the symptom of pinworms?
Intense perinanal itching (esp in children)
Where are pinworm eggs found?
Around the anus
How do you diagnose pinworms?
Put a scotch at the anal area and look on the microscope to see pinworms or eggs
Why does malabsorption occur with Taeniasis?
It lacks its own digestive system, so it feeds off of human food in the intestine
Where do you find tapeworms?
Beef = Taenia saginata Pork = Taenia solium
How are tapeworms transmitted to humans?
Eggs filled feces are eaten by pigs, eggs hatch into larvae and develop as cysts into meat, human eats undercooked meat and cysts attach to intestinal mucosa
What are complications of tapeworms?
- Life-threatening wasting and malabsorption
- Extra-intestinal infections
How are ringworms transmitted to humans?
They penetrate the skin, get into the bloodstream, to the lungs and up the trachea where they are swallowed to reach the guts
What bacteria have low infectious doses?
Shigella (<10)
What bacteria have large infectious doses?
Salmonella and E coli (> 10^5)
How do you treat GI infectious?
Oral rehydration (electrolyte-glucose solutions) Abx (prevent tissue damage)
Why is it not recommended to take antidiarrheal drugs when you have GI infections?
You prevent your body from excreting the organism/toxin/poison through diarrhea
What is one way a nurse can prevent spreading her GI infection?
Staying home until symptoms subside
If a patient is vomiting, why do you want to put a mask for this particular virus?
You put a mask for norovirus so that you don’t inhale the droplets from the vomit
