Week 12: Questions Flashcards
What are the three types of molecules that are sources of energy for our cells? Describe the basic chemical structure of each type of molecule.
Carbohydrates
Made from simple carbs are made from a single sugar (glucose), complex ones are made of many sugars bonded together
Found in bread, rice, pasta, fruits/veggies, etc.
Release energy gradually
Proteins
Made from amino acids
→ 20 different types altogether and we can synthesize 12 of these on our own, but get the other 8 ‘essential” amino acids from our diets
Found in fish, meat, eggs, grains, nuts, etc.
Regulate chemical reactions in the body
Fats
Lipids composed of fatty acids and glycerol
Found in meat, dairy, nuts, vegetable oils
Insulate the body from heat los, act as “shock absorbers”, serve as building blocks for hormones and other signal molecules
Which type of molecule yields the highest amount of energy per gram?
Fats
They yield twice the energy than carbohydrates and proteins do
Why are vitamins and minerals referred to as micronutrients?
Because only small amounts are needed in the diet
Fiber cannot be fully digested in the human gut. Why is it an important component of a healthy diet?
It ensures that solid wastes are eliminated regularly and efficiently, which lowers the risk of developing cancers of the large intestine
What are the basic food groups?
Fruits. Vegetables, proteins, grains and dairy
What is the importance of water in our diet?
It maintains normal blood pressure, eliminates solid wastes from the body, maintains body temperature
Helps with the movement of nutrients, oxygen and other materials through the bloodstream and into tissues/cells
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
In the mouth where saliva breaks carbs down into their simple sugar subunits
What is the breakdown product of carbohydrates that is absorbed in the intestine?
Glucose (sugar subunits)
How are carbohydrates stored in the body?
They are converted into fat and stored in body fat cells
Where does protein digestion begin?
In the stomach where there is a secretion of acid that digests proteins
What is the breakdown product of protein that is absorbed in the intestine?
Amino acids (protein subunits)
What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?
Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats, and break them down into the smaller building blocks (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids)
What is the role of bile in fat digestion?
Helps to dissolve fats and makes it easier for fat dissolving enzymes to do their work
What is absorbed in the large intestine (colon)?
Water, salt and some vitamins
What is the essential role of each of the steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
Begins with glucose to produce two molecules of ATP and pyruvic acid
Krebs cycle
Occurs in the mitochondria
Begins with pyruvic acid produces GTP and NADH
Electron transport chain
Occurs in the mitochondria
Takes electrons from NADH which creates an electron flow, activating an enzyme that produces ATP
Which of the three steps of cellular respiration produces the majority of the ATP?
The electron transport chain
Why is ATP called “the energy currency of the cell”?
Because it it is used in almost all chemical actions that require an input of energy
what percentage of British Columbians is considered obese (with a BMI over 30)?
15-19%
What are the sources of error using BMI to measure percent body fat?
It does not take into account sex, frame size or muscle mass
What are the sources of error using caliper measurement?
Scale Misreading
What happens to our health based on calorie intake?
To maintain health, the energy consumed in food calories should balance the energy spent
If a person does not eat enough: they will lose weight
If a person eats more than is needed: they will gain weight (excess calories are stored as fat)
What are some eating disorders that are detrimental to health?
Anorexia nervosa
Individuals starve themselves and excessively exercise
The loss of minerals can lead to kidney damage, muscle cramps, irregular heart rhythms and cardiac arrest
The depletion of body fat stops the production of hormones necessary for a menstrual cycle
Can lead to osteoporosis (thinning bones)
Bulimia nervosa
Individuals consume large amounts of food in a short time (binge) which causes them to then starve or purge (vomit, take laxatives)
Same negative consequences as anorexia
Dental and gum issues because the exposure to acidic vomit
Stomach rupture from repeated vomiting
Fatal dehydration
Binge eating disorder
Individuals binge eat
Exercise disorder
Individuals exercise for several hours a day to change their appearance
Bigorexia
Individuals perceive themselves as “weak” and spend hours a day exercising to to bulk up
Effects of steroids
In men: shrinkage of the testicles and reduced sperm count
In women: increased body hair and smaller breasts
Kidney damage, liver damage, heart disease, acne and psychological problems
Distinguish between your axial skeleton and your appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is composed of the skull, spine, rib cage and coccyx
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the hips, shoulders and limbs
