Week 12 (exam 4)

Question 1

Define air opacities

Answer 1

ill-identified opacities that cover up normal shadows created by pulmonary vessels

air in alveolar spaces is replaced

Question 2

In air opacities, the air in alveolar spaces is replaced by

Answer 2

inflammatory cells (ARDS)
pus (pneumonia)
blood (pulmonary hemorrhage)
water (pulmonary edema)
tumor cells

Question 3

BLANK fundamental sign of consolidation

Answer 3

air bronchogram

Question 4

Define interstitial markings

Answer 4

supporting structures of the lungs
- vessels, bronchi, connective tissue

Question 5

Opacities in interstitial markings represent

Answer 5

disease process localized to the pulmonary interstitium

Question 6

Define Kerley B lines

Answer 6

horizontal lines commonly found in lower lung periphery

Question 7

Define nodule

Answer 7

discrete opacity seen on chest x-ray
- less than 3 cm

Question 8

Define mass

Answer 8

discrete opacity is seen on chest x-ray
- greater than 3 cm

Question 9

Lymphadenopathy can be represented by

Answer 9

an abnormal contouring of mediastinal shadows

Question 10

Common locations of lymphadenopathy

Answer 10

right parabronchial area

hilar regions

Question 11

Define cysts and cavities in the abnormal chest

Answer 11

areas of pulmonary parenchymal space normally containing lung tissue that become filled with air, fluid, or both

cavities usually created by tissue necrosis within lung nodule or mass

Question 12

What is the most common pleural abnormality

Answer 12

pleural effusion

Question 13

Examples of pulmonary calcifications

Answer 13

Asbestos-related to pulmonary disease

TB empyema

Question 14

Define silhouette sign

Answer 14

elimination of the silhouette or loss of lung/soft tissue interface caused by a mass or fluid in the normally air-filled lung

anything that disrupts of the normal cardiac silhouette

Question 15

What questions should you ask yourself when looking at pulmonary abnormalities

Answer 15

is it focal or diffuse

where is it (location)

is it interstital or alveolar

unilateral or bilateral

Question 16

What should you also include when describing abnormal chest x-ray

Answer 16

describe any inflation

masses or nodules

consolidation or infiltrate

Question 17

Infiltrates can be due to many factors…

Answer 17

hemorrhage

edema

pneumonia

Question 18

Describe lobar pneumonia

Answer 18

airspace opacities largely confined to one lobe

most commonly due to bacterial infection

Question 19

Describe lobular pneumonia

Answer 19

patchy consolidation in the lung

Commonly due to bacterial infections

Question 20

Describe interstitial pneumonia

Answer 20

caused by atypical bacteria

primarily confined to the interstitium of the lung and the walls of the alveoli

GROUND GLASS appearance in CT scan
- COVID

Question 21

Define an effusion

Answer 21

a build-up of fluid within the pleural space

transudate or exudate

Question 22

Define transudate

Answer 22

fluid pushed through capillaries due to pressure changes

Question 23

Define exudate

Answer 23

fluid leaked due to inflammation

Question 24

What will travel to the most dependent portion of the pleura

And what does this depend on

Answer 24

mobile pleural effusions

depends on patient’s position

Question 25

what is more sensitive for detecting smaller effusions

Answer 25

lateral decubitis

Question 26

COPD: obstruction is suggested by presence of

Answer 26

increased lung volumes

Question 27

COPD: may see early evidence of emphysema first

Answer 27

hyperinflation of lungs

Question 28

COPD: increased lung volumes on chest x-ray show

Answer 28

flattening of the diaphragm and increased AP diameter of the chest

Question 29

Define bronchiectasis

Answer 29

abnormal dilation of bronchial resulting in copious sputum production and recurrent infections

Question 30

What causes bronchiectasis

Answer 30

cystic fibrosis infection - TB - PJP pneumonia (pneumocystis pneumonia) - severe bacterial pneumonia

Question 31

What can we see on x-ray for bronchiectasis

Answer 31

coarse thickening of bronchovascular bundles "tram track" lines

Question 32

When does atelectasis occur

Answer 32

Occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid - mild/moderate collapse of part of distal lungs

Question 33

Difference between obstructive (blockage in airway) and non-obstructive (pressure outside the collapsed area) for atelectasis

Answer 33

obstructive - mucous plug - foreign body - scarring/narrowing of airway - tumor non-obstructive - trauma - pleural effusion - pneumonia - pneumothorax - lung tissue scarring - tumor

Question 34

What do you see on chest x-ray for atelectasis

Answer 34

white out pattern

Question 35

Define pneumothorax and their types

Answer 35

abnormal presence of air in the pleural space spontaneous - bleb (on ct scan) secondary - disease process (COPD) tension - penetrating trauma, invasive procedure, (mechanical ventilation)

Question 36

What is a hallmark of primary tuberculosis on chest x-ray

Answer 36

lymphadenopathy

Question 37

What are classically most involved with atypical infection (TB)

Answer 37

right hilar nodes and right paratracheal nodes

Question 38

What is the most common parenchymal finding in primary TB

Answer 38

focal consolidative opacity

Question 39

post-primary or reactivation TB

Answer 39

Apical and posterior opacities and cavitary lesions

Question 40

Reactivation TB =

Answer 40

Patchy airspace opacities

Question 41

Pulmonary edema: hydrostatic edema is primarily due to

Answer 41

left heart failure and volume overload states

Question 42

What are the three stages of hydrostatic edema

Answer 42

pulmonary venous hypertension interstitial pulmonary edema frank alveolar edema - perihilar or "bat-wing" distribution

Question 43

Pulmonary edema: if see cardiomegaly on chest x-ray...

Answer 43

suggests underlying congestive heart failure

Question 44

Large pericardial effusions may cause

Answer 44

enlargement of the cardiac silhouette on chest x-ray

Question 45

What suggests a large pericardial effusion on chest x-ray

Answer 45

bottle-shaped configuration