Week 12 Flashcards
common ground
set of knowledge that the speaker and listener share, and they think, assume, or otherwise take for granted that they share. Changes as we talk, gathering new information that we agree on and have evidence that we share. Evolves as people take turns to assume the roles of the speaker and listener, and actively engage in the exchange of meaning.
Difference between spatial and temporal resolution with regard to brain function
Since spatial and temporal resolution of each tool varies, strongest evidence for what role a certain brain area serves comes from converging evidence
We are more likely to believe that the hippocampal formation is involved in memory if multiple studies using a variety of tasks and different neuroimaging tools provide evidence for this hypothesis
Audience design
Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge. If audience are seen to be knowledgeable about an object, they tend to use a brief label of the object to help the audience understand their utterances
How is language a cooperative activity
The number of people engaging in a conversation at a time is rarely more than four. By some counts more than 90 percent of conversations happen in a group of four individuals or less
How do humans achieve conversational coordination
by virtue of our ability to interactively align each other’s actions at different levels of language use” lexicon, syntax, as well as speech
Lexicon
Words and expressions
Syntax
Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences. When one person uses a certain expression to refer to an object in a conversation, others tend to use the same expression
Situation models
Representations about the topic of a conversation.
Priming
a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention
Gossip
the human equivalent of grooming, monkey’s and primates attending and tending to each other by cleaning each other’s fur. It is an act of socializing, signalling the importance of one’s partner
Dunbars arugment
that language, brain, and human group living have co-evolved-language and human sociality are inseparable
His hypothesis is controversial. Nonetheless, our everyday language use often ends up maintain the existing structure of intergroup relationships