Week 12

Question 1

common ground

Answer 1

set of knowledge that the speaker and listener share, and they think, assume, or otherwise take for granted that they share. Changes as we talk, gathering new information that we agree on and have evidence that we share. Evolves as people take turns to assume the roles of the speaker and listener, and actively engage in the exchange of meaning.

Question 2

Difference between spatial and temporal resolution with regard to brain function

Answer 2

Since spatial and temporal resolution of each tool varies, strongest evidence for what role a certain brain area serves comes from converging evidence
We are more likely to believe that the hippocampal formation is involved in memory if multiple studies using a variety of tasks and different neuroimaging tools provide evidence for this hypothesis

Question 3

Audience design

Answer 3

Constructing utterances to suit the audience’s knowledge. If audience are seen to be knowledgeable about an object, they tend to use a brief label of the object to help the audience understand their utterances

Question 4

How is language a cooperative activity

Answer 4

The number of people engaging in a conversation at a time is rarely more than four. By some counts more than 90 percent of conversations happen in a group of four individuals or less

Question 5

How do humans achieve conversational coordination

Answer 5

by virtue of our ability to interactively align each other’s actions at different levels of language use” lexicon, syntax, as well as speech

Question 6

Lexicon

Answer 6

Words and expressions

Question 7

Syntax

Answer 7

Rules by which words are strung together to form sentences. When one person uses a certain expression to refer to an object in a conversation, others tend to use the same expression

Question 8

Situation models

Answer 8

Representations about the topic of a conversation.

Question 9

Priming

Answer 9

a phenomenon whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention

Question 10

Gossip

Answer 10

the human equivalent of grooming, monkey’s and primates attending and tending to each other by cleaning each other’s fur. It is an act of socializing, signalling the importance of one’s partner

Question 11

Dunbars arugment

Answer 11

that language, brain, and human group living have co-evolved-language and human sociality are inseparable
His hypothesis is controversial. Nonetheless, our everyday language use often ends up maintain the existing structure of intergroup relationships