week 11, ethics I

Question 1

what is informed consent?

4

Answer 1

voluntary participation to a study
no coercion
no undue incentive
right to withdraw

Question 2

history of why nuremberg code was created

Answer 2

nazis performed inhumane experiments in the name of science (hypothermia, max altitude before death)

Question 3

researchers tried to balance between rights, welfare of humans and scientific discovery

Question 4

what happened during nuremberg trials (1945-1946)

Answer 4

23 nazi doctors were charged with crimes against humanity

Question 5

what is the nuremberg code (6)

Answer 5

1. voluntary, informed consent
   2.withdraw at anytime
   3.benefits exceed the risks
   4.risks must be minimized
   5.experimenters must asses risks continously
   6.experimenters must be competent

Question 6

what happened with the Holmesburg prison experiments?

Answer 6

dermatologists tests on black men, they received minimal info about side effects, hiiiigh cash rewards,

Question 7

what happened with the Tuskegee Syphilis study?

Answer 7

gave black men (only) syphilis with no cure. even though penecilin was discovered which can cure it

Question 8

what is the belmont report? 3

Answer 8

1. respect for persons: protecting autonomy of all people, allows informed consent, researchers must be truthful.
2. Beneficence: philosophy of “do no harm”, maximizing benefits and minimizing risks
3. justice: non exploitative of communities, fair distribution of costs and benefits

Question 9

what happened in little albert experiment

Answer 9

goal was to study possibility of conditioning emotions
exposed 9 month old baby to fear conditioning (furry rabbit)
no effort to undo the conditioning

Question 10

what belmont report rule does the little albert experiment violate?

Answer 10

beneficence, do no harm

Question 11

why is it important for researchers to ensure the procedure ethical?

Answer 11

power dynamics !! many communities could be exploited

Question 12

what is the OHRP

Answer 12

office for human research protections, protects rights and welfare of human beings

Question 13

the OHRP has has branched off to different fields, such as:

Answer 13

APA, AMA, AAA

Question 14

Guidelines for the protection of the rights of human subjects (built on nuremberg code and belmont report)

Answer 14

1. investigator has responsibility to carefully evaluate experiments ethical acceptability
2. investigators must obtain approval form institutional review board (IRB)

Question 15

what does the IRB do?

Answer 15

evaluate risks of the research, if there are, you must ensure the benefits outweigh the risks

Question 16

why are the studies in class not required approval from IRB

Answer 16

because it is education

Question 17

when you graph results, what are you interested in?

Answer 17

1. difference in DV between groups or condition
   -main effect of an IV

2.how differences in DV depend on two or more factors
-interactions between IV

3.relationship between continuous variables
-correlation between variables

Question 18

what is the main effect of the IV?

ex Two heads are better than one”* Hypothesis: Having multiple people involved in a task can improve task performance.

Study design: Randomly assign participants to work on a word-sorting task either individually or as part of a 5-person group (IV). Measure the number of errors they make in the task (DV).

Prediction: When 5 people do a word sorting task at the same time, they make fewer errors than when 1 person does it at a time.

Result of interest: Difference in number of errors between the two conditions (5 people vs. 1 person).

Answer 18

number of people

Question 19

what are 2 ways to visualize differences between groups?

Answer 19

1. find central tendency (mean)
2. find variability (SD and standard error)

Question 20

average over the distances that you aren’t interested in

Question 21

we calculate standard deviation by?

Answer 21

computing the deviation from the condition mean for each score, squaring them to make them positive

Question 22

how do we show certainty in a dataset?

Answer 22

error bars based on the SD tell you about the average variability in the dataset. BUT
not how certain/uncertain the mean is

Question 23

what does the standard error?

Answer 23

tells us about the certainty because it takes into account the sample size

makes it easier to see if the mean differences are large/small

Question 24

lots of variability (large SD) with small sample ->

little variability (small SD) with large sample ->

Answer 24

1. large standard error (low certainty)
2. small standard error (high certainty)

Question 25

ex Two heads are better than one” Hypothesis: Having multiple people involved in a task can improve task performance.