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S7- Special Populations > Week 11- Cognitive Changes > Flashcards

Week 11- Cognitive Changes Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1

A

PART 1

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2
Q

What are the 6 cognitive domains?

A
  • Complex Attention
  • Social Cognition
  • Learning/Memory
  • Language
  • Perceptual Motor Function
  • Executive Function
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3
Q

What are the (3) types of memory?

A
  • Sensory Memory
  • Short-term Memory (STM)
  • Long-term Memory (LTM)
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4
Q

Sensory Memory:

  • What are the (3) subtypes?
  • What is it?
  • What part of the brain controls it?
A
  • Iconic (visual), Echoic (auditory), Haptic (touch)
  • Input from the 5 senses, can be ignored or perceived and transferred to STM in <1s.
  • Initial input to SENSORY AREAS of brain, then processed by HIPPOCAMPUS.
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5
Q

STM:

  • Limited capacity with temporal recall, processed in __-__s.
  • What part of the brain controls it?
A
  • 10-15s

- Prefrontal Cortex

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6
Q

LTM:

  • What are the (3) subtypes? Explain each.
  • What part of the brain controls each subtype?
A

Implicit (procedural):

  • Subconscious influence of previously encountered information on subsequent performance.
  • Cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus, motor cortex

Explicit (declarative) Semantic:

  • Structured facts, meanings, concepts, and knowledge.
  • Prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex

Explicit (declarative) Episodic:

  • Autobiographical of events, contextual knowledge, and associated emotions.
  • Hippocampus
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7
Q

Which of the types of memories remain stable with age, and which have a gradual decline?

A

Stable

  • Sensory Memory
  • STM
  • LTM Implicit (procedural)

Gradual Decline

  • LTM Explicit (declarative) Semantic
  • LTM Explicit (declarative) Episodic
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8
Q

How is Delirium different from Dementia?

A
  • Delirium typically has a rapid onset (hrs-days) and is a sign of an underlying condition in older adults.
  • Delirium is short in duration and typically resolves once the underlying condition has been addressed.

-Dementia is more gradual in onset (weeks-months-years) and is not caused by a different condition.

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9
Q

What are the (3) types of Delirium?

A
  • Hyperactive
  • Hypoactive
  • Mixed
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10
Q

What are some pathophysiology’s behind Delirium? (4)

A
  • Brain structural changes
  • NT disturbance in central cholinergic/adrenergic pathways
  • elevated inflammatory cytokines
  • multifactorial in older adults
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11
Q

Delirium is associated with increase in what (4) things?

A
  • Increased LOS
  • Increased recovery times
  • Increased institutionalized care
  • Increased morbidity/mortality
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12
Q

Delirium Prevention and Management:

  • ___-___% of cases are preventable.
  • Determine cause and remediate ASAP.
  • What are some drugs linked to Delirium? (3)
  • Cognitive orientation, early mobility, enabling adequate hearing and vision, promoting a normal sleep-wake cycle, and proper nutrition/hydration are all __________ interventions to treat Delirium.
A
  • 30-40%
  • psychoactive agents, narcotics, anticholinergics
  • nonpharmacological
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13
Q

“A clinical syndrome of cognitive and functional decline, usually of a chronic or progressive nature.”

A

Dementia

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14
Q

Dementia is a global impairment impacting intellectual functioning, memory, and at least one of what (5) things?

A
  1. ) Abstract thinking
  2. ) Judgment and language
  3. ) Identification of people and objects
  4. ) Personality changes
  5. ) Ability to use object appropriately
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15
Q

What are the (4) main types of Dementia?

A
  • Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
  • Vascular Dementia (VD)
  • Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)
  • Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
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16
Q
  • SCI = _________ cognitive impairment
  • MCI = ________ cognitive impairment
  • What is the difference between amnestic and nonamnestic cognitive impairment?
A
  • SCI = Subjective Cognitive Impairment
  • MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • Amnestic (memory is primary loss), Nonamnestic (other areas more affected than memory)
17
Q

Vascular Dementia:

  • ___-___% of cases.
  • What areas of the brain are affected?
  • Associated with ____ Disease and is more often ________ onset.
  • Is memory loss usually more or less severe than AD?
  • Can occur in conjunction with AD, what is this called?
A
  • 20-30%
  • medial temporal atrophy, cortical and subcortical lesions
  • CV Disease, abrupt
  • Less severe
  • mixed dementia
18
Q

Vascular Dementia S/Sx. (3)

A
  • Impaired attention, planning
  • Difficulties with complex activities
  • Disorganized thought
19
Q

Dementia with Lewy Bodies:

  • ___% of cases, accepted to be highly _________/________.
  • What areas of the brain are affected?
  • Key features includes complex visual _________, __________, _______ disturbances, autonomic symptoms, and fluctuating ________.
  • Can occur in conjunction with AD, what is this called?
A
  • 8%, highly misdiagnosed/underdiagnosed
  • less severe medial temporal lobe atrophy than AD, limbic, brainstem, neocortex
  • complex visual hallucinations, Parkinsonism, sleep disturbances, autonomic symptoms, and fluctuating cognition
  • mixed dementia
20
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia:

  • ___-___% of cases.
  • What areas of the brain are affected?
  • Is it more common in older or younger groups?
  • Is memory intact in early stage?
  • Significant changes in behavior/personality.
  • _________/_________ are common.
  • What are the (3) types of FTD?
A
  • 3-10%
  • frontal and temporal lobes (depend on type of FTD)
  • younger
  • Yes, memory intact early
  • Disinhibition/impulsiveness
  • Pick’s Disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Degeneration
21
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease:

  • ___-___% of cases.
  • What areas of the brain are affected?
  • ______ loss of memory and function leading to total dependence on caregivers.
  • Eventual inability to _______ friends/family.
A
  • 50-60%
  • gradual
  • recognize friends/family
22
Q

Neurobiological Changes of Cognitive Dysfunction:

  • _________ changes occur years before symptoms appear in AD and other Dementias.
  • In the asymptomatic to mild cognitive impairment stages, what is the most prominent change?
A
  • neurobiological

- amyloid markers

23
Q

Amyloid beta is present throughout the lifespan in humans and found in all vertebrae. What are some beneficial roles of amyloid beta? (5)

A
  • Antimicrobial activity
  • Tumor suppression
  • Sealing leaks in the BBB
  • Promoting recovery from brain injury
  • Regulating synaptic function
24
Q

What appears to be the driving force behind AD?

A

Amyloid beta

S7- Special Populations (18 decks)

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