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Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of Soft Tissue Tumors?

A

Benign Tumors
• Fibroma
• Frenal Tag
• Epulis Fissuratum
• Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
• Pyogenic Granuloma
• Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
• Central Giant Cell Granuloma
• Lipoma
• Hemangioma
• Lymphangioma
• Osteoma
• Neurofibroma
• Schwannoma
• Rhabdomyoma

Malignant Tumors
• Fibrosarcoma
• Kaposi sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
• Chondrosacroma
• Multiple myeloma
• Malignant lymphoma
• Neurofibromatosis Type I
(Von Recklinghausen
Disease)
• Rhabdomyosarcoma

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2
Q

What are soft tissue tumors?

A

Tumors of soft tissue include benign and malignant tumors of adipose (fat) tissue, nerve, muscle, blood, and lymphatic vessels.

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3
Q

Are soft tissue tumors independent from bone?

A

No, soft tissue tumors are not completely independent from bone.

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4
Q

Most “tumors” in the oral cavity are_____.

A

hyperplastic reactions to chronic irritation

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5
Q

Are true neoplasm growths in the oral cavity common?

A

No, they are not as common

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6
Q

Benign neoplasms arise from what cells?

A

fibroblasts, endothelia, skeletal and smooth muscle, lipocytes, nerve sheaths and osteoblasts

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7
Q

Neoplasms in the oral cavity? are____ (slow or fast) growing but ____

A

Slow growing but can be aggressive and cause local destruction

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8
Q

How common are Malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity (sarcomas)?

A

Rare

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9
Q

Why are malignant neoplasms (sarcomas) in the oral cavity metastasize more rapidly?

A

Sarcomas spread through the vascular system making it more rapid

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10
Q

The most common benign tumors of fibrous connective tissue in the oral cavity are

A

Reactive hyperplasias

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11
Q

Reactive hyperplasias of fibrous connective tissue in the oral cavity are a result from

A

Overzealous repair

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12
Q

Most benign tumors of fibrous connective tissue are composed of

A

Collagen, endothelial cells, cementum and or bone, or giant cells

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13
Q

If tumor is on the gingiva and you don’t know its exact histological nature, it’s called an

A

EPULIS

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14
Q

Common benign tumors of fibrous connective tissue in the oral cavity include

A

the Fibroma, Ossifying fibroma, Pyogenic granuloma, and Giant cell granulomas

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Fibroma:

What it is?

Cause?

Appearance?

Impact?

Treatment?

A
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17
Q
A

Fibroma

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18
Q

Frenal tag

What it is?

Cause?

Appearance?

Impact?

Treatment?

A

A small projection of hyperplastic fibrous tissue.
• Cause:
Chronic irritation, trauma, or mechanical stress to the maxillary labial frenum. Can also result from dentures, braces, or natural anatomical variation.
• Appearance:
Small, fingerlike projection of fibrous tissue, often appearing on the maxillary labial frenum.
• Impact:
Typically asymptomatic and harmless.
• Treatment:
Usually does not require removal unless it causes discomfort or functional issues.

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19
Q

Epulis Fissuratum

What it is?

Cause?

Appearance?

Impact?

Treatment?

A

(Denture-Induced Fibrous Hyperplasia)
• A lesion similar to irritation fibroma associated with ill-fitting dentures.
• Cause:
Chronic irritation from poorly fitting full or partial dentures, often in middle-aged or older adults.
• Appearance:
Firm, exophytic lesion with elongated folds, typically in the vestibule along the denture flange. Surface may be ulcerated.
• Impact:
Usually painless but can affect denture fit and comfort.
• Treatment:
Surgical removal of tissue and reline or replace the denture.

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20
Q
A

Epulis fissuratum

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21
Q

Causes for ill fitting dentures

A
  • Patient
    • May choose to buy a second-hand denture not made to fit the patient’s mouth
  • Dental Laboratory
    • May not follow the dentist’s design
  • Dentist
    • Improper protocol, technique (impressions), and adjustment
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22
Q

Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma (Peripheral Fibroma With Calcification)

What it is?

Cause?

Appearance?

Common in?

Treatment?

A

• A reactive lesion exclusive to the gingiva.
• Cause:
Generally, a reactive lesion, not neoplastic. Thought to arise from cells of the periodontal ligament, often due to irritation or trauma.
• Appearance:
Exophytic, well-demarcated, either sessile or pedunculated. Typically located on the interdental papilla, with scattered bone and cementum-like calcifications.
• Impact:
More common in females and young individuals (ages 10-19), although it can occur in both children and adults.
• Treatment:
Complete surgical excision with thorough scaling of adjacent teeth to remove irritants. Low recurrence rates (8% to 16%).

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23
Q
A

Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma (Peripheral Fibroma With Calcification)

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24
Q

Pyogenic Granuloma (Lobular Capillary Hemangioma)

What it is?

Cause?

Appearance?

Impact?

Treatment?

A

• Common benign vascular reactive lesion in the oral cavity with generally a rapid initial growth followed by a static phase.
• Cause:
A response to injury or irritation. Not a true granuloma, despite the name.
Often associated with hormonal changes, especially during pregnancy (pregnancy tumor).
• Appearance:
Exophytic, painless mass, usually ulcerated. Soft, bleeds easily, and may be sessile or pedunculated. Color ranges from pink to deep reddish-purple due to vascularity. Surface may appear yellowish-white if ulcerated.
• Impact:
Common in teenagers, young adults, and pregnant women. Up to 85% occur on the gingiva, especially the maxillary anterior.
• Treatment:
Surgical excision if it doesn’t resolve on its own. May recur if the irritant (e.g., calculus) remains.

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25
Pyogenic granuloma
26
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
• A reactive lesion occurring on the gingiva or alveolar mucosa. Chronic inflammatory cells called Multinucleated Giant Cells seen along with well-vascularized connective tissue - The lesion with Multinucleated Giant Cells on the gingiva (Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma) and within bone (Central Giant Cell Granuloma) • Cause: Likely a response to local irritation (e.g., dental biofilm, calculus, periodontal disease, or dental trauma). May also occur near dental implants. • Appearance: Dark red to purple, due to numerous blood vessels and RBCs. May resemble a pyogenic granuloma. Size ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. Surface ulceration **may** be present. • Impact: Most common in individuals aged 30-45, especially in women. Can cause superficial destruction of the alveolar bone, seen as cupping or saucerization on radiographs. • Treatment: Surgical excision of the lesion, with minimal recurrence if the local irritant is removed
27
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
28
Central cell granuloma
29
Lipoma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
Lipoma: A benign tumor of adipose (fat) tissue, rarely found in the oral cavity. Cause Arises from an overgrowth of mature fat cells, typically occurring in individuals over 40 years old, with no sex predilection. Appearance A soft, yellowish, well-delineated mass covered by a thin epithelium, often showing a delicate pattern of blood vessels. Occasionally found in the buccal mucosa and vestibule. Impact Usually asymptomatic but may cause mild discomfort if large or in a high-contact area. • Treatment Surgical excision, with minimal risk of recurrence.
30
Lipoma
31
Hemangioma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
A benign **proliferation** of capillaries Cause Usually present at birth or develops shortly after, most commonly in the head and neck region. In adults, it can arise later in life due to trauma, leading to abnormal blood vessel proliferation. Appearance A blue-red or purple lesion that blanches under pressure. Can vary in size and may cause macroglossia when occurring on the tongue, **its most common intraoral site**. More common in females. Impact Usually asymptomatic but may enlarge due to hemorrhage, thrombosis, or inflammation. Some undergo spontaneous remission, while others persist or grow. Treatment Many hemangiomas disappear by puberty if untreated, but larger or deeper ones (e.g. cavernous hemangiomas) may persist into adulthood. In adults hemangiomas are less likely to regress and may need treatment, such as surgical excision or sclerotherapy to shrink or resolve the lesion.
32
Hemangioma
33
Hemangioma
34
Lymphangioma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
A benign proliferation of lymphatic vessels. (Lymphatic Malformation) Cause Usually congenital (present at birth) or develops shortly after. Commonly occurs in the head and neck region, with no sex predilection. A cystic lymphangioma in the neck is called a cystic hygroma, which may lead to neck webbing in conditions like Turner syndrome. Appearance Presents as an ill-defined mass with a pebbly surface, most commonly on the tongue, where it can cause macroglossia. Lymphangiomas do not blanch under pressure, unlike hemangiomas. Impact May enlarge over time and cause functional issues such as difficulty speaking or swallowing. Unlike hemangiomas, they do not shrink spontaneously. Recurrence is common after treatment. Treatment Surgical excision is the primary treatment, though recurrence is frequent. Unlike hemangiomas, sclerotherapy is ineffective.
35
Lymphangioma
36
Cystic hygroma
37
Osteoma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
(Benign Bone Tumor) A slow-growing, benign tumor of compact bone, usually asymptomatic and detected incidentally. Cause Unknown cause, no sex predilection. Can occur alone or as part of Gardner syndrome. Appearance A sharply defined radiopaque mass, either within bone (endosteal) or on the bone surface (periosteal). Common in the posterior mandible and frontal sinuses. Large lesions may cause bone expansion. Impact Usually harmless but may cause facial asymmetry or sinus obstruction. Multiple osteomas suggest Gardner syndrome, linked to **colorectal cancer risk**. Treatment • Surgical excision if symptomatic; recurrence is rare.
38
Osteoma
39
Osteoma
40
List out the malignant tumors of soft tissue
41
Fibrosarcoma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
A malignant tumor of fibroblasts, occasionally occurring in the oral cavity. Exact cause is unclear but may be linked to prior radiation, trauma, or genetic factors. Appearance Painless, firm, lobulated mass in the oral soft tissues or jaw. Can grow rapidly and may cause ulceration. May lead to swelling, pain, tooth mobility, and nerve involvement. High risk of local invasion and recurrence. Treatment • Surgical excision with wide margins is the main treatment. • Poor Prognosis - Regular follow-up is needed due to recurrence risk.
42
Fibrosarcoma
43
Kaposi sarcoma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
44
Kaposi sarcoma
45
Osteosarcoma What it is? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
46
Chondrosarcoma
47
Chondrosarcoma What it is? Peak incidence? Where do more lesions appear? Treatment? Survival rate?
48
Chondrosarcoma
49
Lymphoma
• Malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue - **Gradual lymph node enlargement** - Some types may affect the oral cavity, especially the tonsils and posterior hard palate. • Three types: - Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma - Burkitt Lymphoma • Diagnosed by what type of cells seen • Growth pattern can be as diffuse sheets of lymphoid cells or nodular clusters - Nodular growth patterns carry a better prognosis
50
Types of lymphoma
51
Lymphoma
52
Multiple myeloma What is it? More common in___ Cause? Appearance? Treatment?
53
Multiple myeloma
54
Tumors of Nerve Tissue • Traumatic Neuroma • Neurofibroma and Schwannoma (Neurilemoma) • Treatment of all these
55
Traumatic Neuroma
56
Neurofibroma
57
Schwannoma
58
Neurofibromatosis Type I (Von Recklinghausen Disease*** What is it? Cause? Appearance? Impact? Treatment?
A genetic disorder causing multiple soft tumors (neurofibromas) on the skin and sometimes in the mouth. Tumors grow larger over time, especially at puberty. Cause Inherited condition linked to chromosome 17. Appearance Small to large skin tumors, mainly on the face and eyelids. **Brown skin spots (café-au-lait) "coffee with milk" appear early, often in the underarms.** Oral tumors can occur on the tongue or gums. Impact Can affect nerves, bones, and the brain. Some tumors may turn cancerous (3-15% risk). May cause skeletal deformities or learning difficulties. Treatment No cure. Surgery may remove troublesome tumors.
59
Neurofibromatosis Type I (Von Recklinghausen Disease***
60
Neurofibromatosis Type I (Von Recklinghausen Disease*** Malignant transformation
61
Tumors of Muscle
• Benign tumors - Rhabdomyoma - striated muscle, most common site is the tongue - Leiomyoma - smooth muscle surrounding arteries • Malignant tumors - Rhabdomyosarcoma - usually seen in the periorbital tissue of children - Grows rapidly, spreads, poor prognosis
62
Tumors of muscle
63
Rhabdomyosarcoma

Oral Pathology (10 decks)

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