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Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature of a disease

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2
Q

Pathology includes

A

Pathogenesis
Etilogy
Pathophysiology
Prognosis

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3
Q

A disease’s cause

A

Etilogy

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4
Q

A disease’s development

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

The manner in which a disease is expressed

A

Pathophysiology

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6
Q

Prognosis

A

The consequences of a disease or the predictions of its outcome

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7
Q

Disease

A

It is a response in a living organism after sustaining some type of injury in the body changes its structure and function in an abnormal way. This injury may happen to cells, tissues, organs and systems.

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8
Q

Health

A

A state of wellbeing, soundness and vigour. Absence of pain and physical limitations brought on by disease. Usually measured in relation to baseline cellular and tissue function. A matter of perception

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9
Q

Deviations from normal lead to

A

Structural changes (morphologic) and functional changes (biochemical) that are now visible

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10
Q

Lesion

A

Structural changes

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11
Q

Relation between structure and function

A

Interrelated

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12
Q

Two types of disease

A

Acute and chronic

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13
Q

Last short time
Distinct signs and symptoms
Arises rapidly

A

Acute disease

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14
Q

Lasts long time
Less distinct symptoms
Develops slowly

A

Chronic disease

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15
Q

All disease is caused by

A

Injury

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16
Q

Injury may occur at __level

A

Molecular, cellular, tissue,or organ

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17
Q

All disease is caused by injury. It can occur as a result of

A

The injury itself or the body’s response to the injury

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18
Q

Sources for injury

A

Exogenous and endogenous

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19
Q

Examples of injury from exogenous sources

A

Direct physical action
Ionizing radiation
Toxic substances
Microbes
Hypoxia

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20
Q

Examples of injury from endogenous sources

A

Genetic defects
Aging, degenerative defects
Hypoxia
Nutritional imbalances
Inflammatory and immune responses
Immunological defects

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21
Q

What risk factors make a person more susceptible to disease?

A

Genetic
Immune function
Age
Lifestyle
Stress
Environment
Preexisting conditions

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22
Q

Incubation period

A

The time between the first exposure to a pathogen and the showing of symptoms

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23
Q

Exacerbation

A

an acute increase in the severity of a disease

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24
Q

Resolution

A
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25
a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease or injury.
Sequela
26
Morbidity
the rate of disease in a population or how many people have the disease
27
Mortality
How many people have died due to the disease
28
Complication
A secondary disease that aggravates an already existing one
29
Relapse
suffer deterioration after a period of improvement.
30
Prognosis
prediction of a disease, injury, or illness's likely outcome.
31
Atrophy
Cell decrease in size due to injury
32
Hypertrophy
Cells increase in size due to injury
33
Hyperplasia
Cells increase in numbers as response to injury
34
Metaplasia
Cells replace themselves with more resistant cells as a response to injury
35
Dysplasia
Abnormal differentiation of cells as a response to injury
36
Neoplasia
As a response to injury, cells no longer function or look like how they did originally
37
What is the hyg role in oral pathology?
History taking Physical examination Recognition of deviations from normal Informing dentist of clinical findings Document findings and patient referral Referral
38
During diagnostic process what acronym is used? What does it stand for?
SOAP Subjective Objective Appraisal/assessment Plan
39
Data collection components include
Clinical Radiographic Historical Laboratory Microscopic Surgical Therapeutic
40
What kind of information is gathered during the subjective phase?
Info from patient on symptoms and history Discomfort: dull ache, shooting pain, numbness, tingling, burning, itching, rawness, tenderness, constant or occasional Function: difficulty swallowing, opening, chewing, altered taste or bite, bleeding, clenching, grinding, loose teeth, spaces Changes in texture: dry, rough, swellings
41
What are some follow up questions when a patient reports a symptoms or observes something?
Duration/history/ how have they been treating it? Location/does it radiate? Periodicity and association (certain times of day or to certain stimulus)?
42
What kind of information is gathered during the objective phase?
Info from observation, palpation, percussion, auscultation and olfaction etc, soft ( color, consistency, size, surface texture) and hard tissue changes ( size, number, shape, radiopaque or radiolucent) . Document findings
43
How do we describe lesions to collegues?
Location: use dental terms and reference points Distribution: focal or diffuse, single, unilocular, multiple, coalescing, multilocular, lobular Color Consistency: hard (indurated), soft, doughlike, firm, fluctuant (fluid-filled) Size: mm or cm; for round lesions only width, other length and width, if raised height WxLxH Shape Description: margins (well defined or circumscribed, irregular or ill defined) direction of growth (endo or exophytic) base (sessile or pedunculated) Surface texture: smooth, rough, papillary, corrugated (wrinkled), fissured, crusted, pseudomembrane Duration/history Other descriptive terms
44
Describe lesion bases
Pedunculated and sessile
45
Flat, nonraised Less than 1 cm Different alor from surroundings
Macule
46
Examples of a macule
Melanoma, amalgam tattoo, nevus, freckle
47
Larger than 1cm Flat, nonraised Different in color and texture from surroundings
Patch
48
Examples of patches
Hematoma, port wine stain, melanoplakia
49
Examples of lesions that result from subcutaneous extravasation of blood
Petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses
50
Pinpoint red spots up to 2 mm usually in groups
Petechiae
51
Purpura
Bruise of about 1 cm or less
52
Ecchymoses
Bruise greater than 1 cm or
53
Plaque
Raised solid lesion with flat top that is larger than 1 cm
54
Examples of plaque
Linea alba, hairy leukoplakia, lichen planus, keratosis, leukoplakia
55
Macules Amalgam tattoo Melanoma Freckles (melanotic macules)
56
Patches: Hematoma, port wine stain, melanoplakia
57
Purpura
58
Ecchymoses
59
Petechiae
60
Plaque: Keratosis Linea alba or lichen planus Leukoplakia Hairy leukoplakia
61
Papule
Elevated Solid Superficial Any color Less than 1 cm Pedunculate or sessile based
62
Examples of papules
Papilloma, verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, poly p
63
Type of lesions
Papules
64
Nodule
Less than 1 cm Solid Deep Any color Can be elevated, flat or submerged
65
Examples of nodules
Lipoma Traumatic neuroma Neurofibromatosis
66
Type of lesion
Nodule
67
Tumor
Raised Solid mass Deep Any color Greater than 1 cm
68
Example of tumors
Squamous cell carcinoma, ranula, mucoepidermoid carcinoma
69
Terms to describe direction of growth
Exophytic Endophytic (usually indurated)
70
Type of lesion
Tumors
71
Vesicle
Clear, fluid filled elevation Filled with lymph or serum In epidermis Less than 1 cm Ruptures and leaves crust or ulcer
72
Type of lesions
Vesicle
73
Vesicles larger than 1 cm
Bulla
74
Examples of bullas
Pemphigus, pemphigoid, burns, erythema multiform
75
Type of lesion
Bulla
76
Pustule
Pointed, raised Filled with purulent exudate Less than 1 cm Ruptures and
77
Examples of pustule
Parulis, pericornitis, periodontal abscess
78
Type of lesion
Pustule
79
Erosion/abrasions
Slight depression Moist Surface epithelium denuded
80
Example of erosion
Erosive lichen planus, pemphigum, herpangina, herpes simplex, allergic reactions
81
Type of lesion
Erosion
82
Ulcer
Deeper than erosion Total loss of epithelial layer
83
Example of an ulcer
Aphthous ulcer, chicken pox, shingles, trauma, squamous cell carcinoma, chemotherapy
84
Type of lesion
Ulcer
85
Linear crack in the epidermis
Fissure
86
Examples of fissures
Angular chelitis, fissured tongue
87
Type of lesion
Fissures
88
Scar
White or pale increased area of collagen fibers in connective tissue Follows healing
89
Type of lesion
Scar
90
Descriptive terminology used to describe radiographic findings
Location Shape and size Appearance History/duration
91
Terms for location of radiographic findings
Periapical Interradicular Edentulous Pericoronal
92
Terms for size and shape of radiographic findings
Mm or cm
93
Terms for appearance of radiographic findings
Radiolucent lesions: Unilocular Multilocular With well demarcated (corticated) borders or poorly defined (noncorticated) borders Radiopaque lesions: Focal opacity Target Multifocal confluent Irregular Ground glass Mixed
94
Focal opacity
95
Target
96
Multifocal confluent
97
Irregular…mostly radiopaque but little spots of radiolucency
98
Ground glass. Background radiolucent but many tiny dots of radiopaque
99
Mixed. Mostly radiolucent with some big/medium sized radiopaque spots
100
Soft tissue opacity
101
How do you get the size of a lesion that can’t be measured with a probe?
Estimate
102
What do you do after noticing a lesion?
Ask if patient is aware and history/ duration
103
What should be done during the appraisal phase?
Develop a differential diagnosis Seek further info to support or reject hypothesis (further questioning and lab test) Determine a definitive diagnosis
104
Biopsy procedures
• Incisional - take part of the lesion, done primarily for diagnosis • Excisional - take the entire lesion, done for diagnosis and treatment • Needle - insert needle and aspirate some cells, done with deeper tissue like organs • Cytological smear - takes sloughed or scraped surface epithelium • Brush biopsy - takes just the epithelium
105
Planning phase
• Treatment provided based on DIAGNOSIS • Treatment Strategies: - No treatment - Surgical removal - Pharmacologic agents - Behavioral modification - Psychiatric therapy - Referral to specialist or others
106
Detections of disease
• Observable and measurable changes in appearance or performance • Assessed by recording a Medical History, performing a physical exam, and collecting other data. • Signs (direct observations by examiner) and symptoms (complaints reported by the patient)

Oral Pathology (10 decks)

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