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PEDS > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer

A
  • uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
  • which if not adequetly treated results in death
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2
Q

Malignant cells - characteristics (6)

A
  • mutated DNA alters instructions for function
  • parasitic to host/no beneficial function
  • uncontrolled reproduction
  • invade surrounding tissuses and metastasize
  • imortal
  • cell birth > cell death
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3
Q

What causes childhood cancers (4)

A
  • unknown (most cases)
  • not anything anyone did or failed to do
  • related to peak growth
  • possibly related to environmental agents (electromagnetic fields, chemicals, pesticides, viruses)
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4
Q

Children at increased risk for cancer (4)

A
  • genetic predisposition (Down syndrome, li-fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma gene)
  • immunodeficiency (congenital/aquired/treatment-related)
  • history of cancer
  • prior cancer treatment
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5
Q

Classification of childhood cancers (2)

A
  • hematological malignancies
  • solid tumours
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6
Q

Hematological cancers - types

A
  • leukemia (blood/marrow)
  • lymphoma (lymph)
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7
Q

Solid tumours (6)

A
  • CNS
  • neuroblastoma (SNS)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle)
  • Wilms tumor (kidney)
  • Ewig’s sarcoma
  • Osteosarcoma (bone)
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8
Q

Cancers and growth - less than 5 years

A
  • leukemia
  • CNS tumors
  • teratomas
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9
Q

Cancers and growth - children 1-14

A
  • leukemia
  • brain tumours
  • lymphomas
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10
Q

Cancers and growth - children over 14

A
  • lymphomas
  • epithelial carcinomas
  • bone tumours
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11
Q

Tissue classification - embryo

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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12
Q

Tissue classification and pediatric cancer

A
  • most childhood cancers arise from mesoderm or ectoderm (tissues deep within body)
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13
Q

Childhood cancer

A
  • rare
  • leukemia most common, followed by brain tumours and lymphomas
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14
Q

Oncology based assessment - G/D (8)

A
  • assess child weight and height (assess weight loss)
  • nutritional intake/change in appetite
  • developmental assessment = slow progresor/ regression
  • school performance (include children with cancer in past)
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15
Q

Oncology based assessment - pain

A
  • pain (abnormal if no acute injury or condition = limping, headache, etc.)
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16
Q

Oncology based assessment- skin (3)

A
  • skin (bruising, petechiae, or signs of bleeding,
  • pallor or signs of anemia,
  • abnormal lesions)
17
Q

Oncology based assessment - EENT (3)

A
  • EENT and sensory assessment (symmetry, movements, - - recent change to hearing and vision (diplopia)),
  • lymph nodes
18
Q

Oncology based assessemnt - chest, heart respiratory

A
  • shape of chest, RR, ease of respirations
  • heart and lung auscultation
  • endurance and activity levels
19
Q

Oncology based assessment - abdomen (2)

A
  • abdoninal massess,
  • N/V anorexia, weight loss
20
Q

Oncology based assessment - urinary and GI (4)

A
  • frequency of U/O and bowel elimination
  • intake and evidence of vomiting or food intolerance
  • blood or other discolouration in urine/stool
  • be alert for UTI
21
Q

Oncology based assessment - MSK

A
  • observe expected developmental tasks
  • asymetry of bone and muscle
  • limping, other abnormalities
  • muscle weakness, tingling, etc.
22
Q

Oncology based assessment - family history

A
  • ask fam hist of cancer
23
Q

Diagnosis of cancer (9)

A
  • biposy
  • bone marrow aspiration
  • computed tomography (CT)
  • lumbar puncture
  • MRI
  • PET
  • radiograph (x-ray)
  • nuclear medicine
  • ultrasound
24
Q

Bone marrow aspiration (purpose, normal value, diagnostic value)

A
  • examines bone marrow
  • normal = less than 5% blast cells
  • abnormal = greater than 25% blast cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
25
Q

Lumbar puncture (purpose, normal value, diagnostic value)

A
  • examines cerebrospinal fluic
  • normal (cell count, polymorpheonuclear leukocytes 0, monocyles 0-5, RBC 0-5
  • abnormal = presence of malignant cells
26
Q

Complete blood count and differential (purpose, normal value, diagnostic value)

A
  • examine celluular component of blood
  • normal
    • WBC less than 10,000
    • platelets 150,000-400,000
    • hemoglobin 120-160
  • abnormal
    • WBC less than 10,000
    • platelets 20,000-100,000
    • hemoglobin 70-100
27
Q

Cancer lab tests (5)

A
  • Complete blood count (CBC)
  • red blood cell incices
  • serum chemistry panel
  • tumour markers in blood or urine
  • urinalysis
28
Q

Assessing cancer - TNM

A

T - local spread of primary tumour (size and are adjacent organs involved)
N - lymph node metastases
M - distant hematogenous metasteses (liver, lungs, bones)

29
Q

Brain tumours - prevelance

A
  • 20% of cancer in children under 15

PEDS (9 decks)

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