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Bioenergetics > Week 10 - Protein Metabolism (ELE content only) > Flashcards

Week 10 - Protein Metabolism (ELE content only) Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the aa will provide us with energy?

A

Carboxylic group

Small % tho

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2
Q

What happens in transamination reactions?

A

Amino group from 1 aa is transferred to glutamate.

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3
Q

What enzyme carries out transamination

A

Aminotransferase

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4
Q

What happens to the remaining carbon skeleton in a transamination reaction?

A

Becomes an alpha keto acid

useful for the TCA cycle

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5
Q

Can transamination reactions be reversible for essential aa? WHY?

A

No

Can’t synthesise their carbon skeletons.

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6
Q

Give examples of aa-specific aminotransferases

A

Alanine aminotransferase (important in liver due to producing pyruvate as the a- keto acid)

Aspartate aminotransferase (prod oxaloacetate = compound in TCA cycle)

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7
Q

What can an increase in the circulating level of Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase indicate?

A

That the body has ⬆️ the use of aa for energy (not normal).

This ⬆️ in aa degradation might indicate trauma or liver disease

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8
Q

What is the difference between the deamination + transamination reaction?

A

Removal + elimination of end group in deamination reaction. – NH4+

– Taking place mostly in liver but can also happen in muscle when exercising at high intensity

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9
Q

EQUATION for step 1 of the urea cycle

A

NH4+ + HCO-3 + 2ATP – (carbamoyl P synthetase) –> Carbamoyl P + 2ADP + Pi

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10
Q

Which part of the urea cycle step 1 continues in the urea cycle for further processing?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate

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11
Q

Step 2 of the urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl P enters Urea cycle by combining w/ ornithine to prod. citrulline.

Urea cycle:

Citrulline –> Argininosuccinate –> Arginine + fumerate (fumarate leaves cycle) –> Ornithine

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12
Q

What aids the conversion reaction of citrulline –> argininosuccinate in the Urea/Ornithine cycle

A

Citrulline – ( Aspartate + ATP enter )(Aginiosuccinate synthetase) –> Argininosuccinate + AMP + PPi

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13
Q

What aids the conversion reaction of argininosuccinate to arginine + fumarate in the Urea/Ornithine cycle

A

Argininiosuccinate lyase

Argininosuccinate – ( argininiosuccinate lyase) –> Arginine + fumarate

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14
Q

What aids the conversion reaction of arginine to ornithine in the Urea/Ornithine cycle

A

Arginine – (H20 + arginase) –> urea + ornithine

Urea leaves cycle

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15
Q

Why is the urea/ornithine cycle considered costly

A

Uses 4 ATP

  • 2 in step 1
  • 2: ATP –> AMP (instead of ADP)
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16
Q

Elimination forms of excess nitrogen between aquatic animals, mammals + reptiles

A

Aquatic = Ammonia

Mammals = Urea

Many reptiles = Uric acid

17
Q

What is glutamine essential for?

A

Lymphocyte proliferation

Cytokin production

Macrophage phagocytosis

18
Q

What is the availability of glutamine compromised by in catabolic situations?

A

By the impaired balance between the release/uptake from bloodstream + key organs (gut, liver + skeletal muscle)

19
Q

List the BCAAs

A

Leucine

Isoleucine

Valine

(Essential aa)

20
Q

What can leucine stimulate

A

Protein synthesis - translation

21
Q

Where are the BCAAs mostly metabolised

A

In skeletal muscle

Less in liver

22
Q

Is the initial transamination of BCAAs reversible?

A

NO

Due to being essential aa

23
Q

What do ALL BCAAs produce?

A

Glutamate

24
Q

What can the glutamate produced from BCAAs be used for?

A

To produce alanine + a-ketoglutarate

25
Q

What does ACDH stand for

A

Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

26
Q

What are the enzymes for the steps of catabolising BCAAs

A

BCAAs share same enzymes for each of the 3 steps

  1. BCAAT (Branched chain aa aminotransferase)
  2. BCKAD (Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase)
  3. ACDH (Acyl CoA dehydrogenase)
27
Q

What are the options of end products from the breakdown of the BCAAs

A

Can either be:

  • Ketone body that can’t be converted into glucose
  • Compound that can be converted into glucose
28
Q

aa metabolism during moderate intensity exercise

A

Mostly BCAAs used as energy (due to being an ⬆️ in the release of alanine from muscle telling us there’s protein breakdown).

Carbon skeletons of these then provide as intermediates of the TCA cycle.

Also an ⬆️ in glutamate uptake from blood which depends on glycogen storage levels (starts at low or depleted glycogen)

29
Q

aa metabolism during high intensity exercise

A

Less glutamine prod to favour a-ketoglutarate.

As contraction ⬆️ = prod of AMP + H+ ⬆️

– leads to activation of adenylate deaminase which ⬆️ prod or conc of IMP + NH3

30
Q

What does IMP mean

A

Inosine monophosphate

31
Q

What is the particular metabolism happening at high intensity exercise?

A

Purine metabolism

32
Q

What is often used as a fatigue marker in muscles?

A

NH3

Bioenergetics (12 decks)

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