Week 10 - Nidovirales Coronaviridae Arterivirdae Ronivirdae Flashcards
Nido means?
Nest
Name the viruses that belong to the order Nidovirales.
1- Coronaviridae
2- Arterivirdae
3. Roniviridae
- Name the families that fall under the Order Nidovirales.
- What viruses are within the genus Okavirus?
Mentioned families
Okavirus –> GAV, YHV (prawns, shrimp)
Arterivirus
Coronavirus ; now 4 groups of coronaviruses
Different virus families.
Know each of these pictures.
Just shows diversity and complexity of coronaviruses
Coronaviridae – General Properties
1. Corona: from Latin corona, “_______”; refers to the characteristic appearance of surface __________ that create an image reminiscent of the ______ corona.
2. Enveloped or non-enveloped?, ____-_____ nm
3. **__________-strand RNA (27-32 kb),
- ____________ replication
- __________ into ER and Golgi
- Notoriously difficult to propagate in ________
- High frequency of ___________**
Coronaviridae – General Properties
Corona: from Latin corona, “halo”; refers to the
characteristic appearance of surface projections that
create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.
Enveloped, 120-160 nm
Positive-strand RNA (27-32 kb), Cytoplasmic replication
Budding into ER and Golgi
Notoriously difficult to propagate in culture
High frequency of recombination
What virus family is pictured below?
Coronaviridae
Important
Label accordingly
Label accordingly
Causes of variations among CoVs/emergence of new viruses/strains of viruses
* ______ and _____ are major reservoirs for CoVs
Some coronaviruses have ability to
-Change tissue _____
-Pass species ____
-adapt to new ecological _____
Causes of CoV variations
- Accumulation of _____ mutations
- Poor proofreading capability of ______ gene (virus in replication cycle makes errors, which convey into mutations –> development of ____ strains).
- Possibility of ________*
Bats, birds, tropism, barriers, niches, point, RdRP, new, recombination
Most-up-to-date classification of Coronaviridae
* ICTV: coronavirus group meeting Oct 2020
* Coronaviridae: 2 subfamilies, 5 genera, 26 subgenera and 46 species
Within the family Coronviridaue, name the Subfamily, Genus, and the Subgenus
Letovirinae, alphaletovirus, milecovirus
- How many groups of Coronaviruses are there?
- Name the viruses belonging to each group.
- What do the letters on the side mean?
- Gamma corona virus is specifically for which species?
- 4
- P = pigs, F = feline, C = canine, etc.
- Birds
Just FYI
6/7 human coronaviruses, some of which have zoonotic potential
VERY IMPORTANT
1.What is the length of the coronavirus genome?
2.2/3 of genome is made up of?
3.S =? HE = ?
4.Subgenomic mRNA for S, E, HE; These subgenomes make the nest.
- What is the length of the coronavirus genome? 27-31 kb, from 5’ to 3’
- unstructeed protein aka gene 1. Divided into two parts: 1a and 1b. There is overlapping between 1a and b called ribosomal frame shifting. Overlpaping frame synthesizes proteins, frame shifts back and moves into another frame in order to synthesis.
- S = ?, HE = aquired to come from influenza virus type B; Virus with HE gene is bigger than virus without it.
Gamma is shortest one: 27.6
Beta is biggest one: 31.3 kb
HE gene is 3-4 kb
Do not memorize this
Describe the pathogenesis of Coronaviruses.
Outside the host = inactive
Activated inside the host by host cell proteases (furin)
Respiraotry tract has proteases that cleave spike gkycoprotein, activating the virus.
Drugs that inhibit furin prevent infection from occurring.
What is the receptor for SARs-COV?
What is the receptor for MERs-COV?
ACE2
DPP4
Virus by negative pressure –> injected through hole into host cell.
Coronavirus life cycle
MERS-CoV life cycle
Human coronaviruses
* First described in the 1960s from the nasal cavities of patients common cold named
human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.
* Currently ___ Human coronaviruses are currently known
1- HCoV-229E
2- HCoV-OC43
3- SARS-CoV
4- HCoV-NL-63
5-HCoV-HKU1
**6- MERS-CoV
7-HCoV-44 (enteric)
**8- SARS-CoV-2
8
Evolution of Human Coronaviruses in context of One Health
concept
SARS coronavirus- SARS-CoV
* Year _______: Previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from patients
* 8,098 SARS cases worldwide during the 2003 outbreak, resulting in 774
deaths
* April 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia & secondary
* cases elsewhere in the world
* Complete genome sequence April, 2003, : MSFC, UBC, Canada
**Intermediate host? ** ______ Delicacy; Minimize human exposure.
2002, Mongoose
What is pictured below? How does this relate to coronaviruses?
SARS-CoV-Intermediate Host-Civet Cat
Nocturnal animal related to Mongoose Delicacy
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
-A novel _________ (nCoV) first reported on 24
September 2012
-Belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, as does SARS-CoV
- Symptoms of MERS
- Severe _______ _________ illness with symptoms of
-Fever, cough, and shortness of breath
**-About half of them died
**-Some people were reported as having a mild respiratory
illness
-MERS-CoV spread from person to person
coronavirus, acute respiratory
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
Global distribution of MERS-CoV cases
Classification of MERS-CoV
Renamed novel to proper name
BatMERS-CoV Evolution Theories????
Bat on palm tree –> defecate –> fruit contamined –> human consumption
Camels (1 and 2 hump) are reservoirs.
MERS-CoV-like virus is widely distributed.
What does this mean?
Can camel viruses infect humans?
Camels in parts of Africa and middle east were studied
MERS-CoV-Transmission- updated Hypothesis
?
Roles of Camels in the transmission of MERS-CoV
* _______ Camels are the only species of animals seroconvert to MERS-CoV
* Camels under one year old have ____
seroprevalence (72%)
* Older camels have ____ seroprevalence (95%)
* Some camels have high titre to MERS-CoV in absence of any BCoV reactivity
* Animals could be infected with different to BCoV and my be identical to MERSCoV
Dromedary, lower, high
SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle
Closely similar to Sars COV-1
Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2
Hiding in different organs; urogenital tract, vessels, etc.
SARS-CoV-2 variants
WHO- SARS-CoV-2 variants labelling and classification
SARS-CoV-2 and DIVA concept
Differentiate infected and vaccinated animals = DIVA
DIVA does not distinguish between natural infection or vaccination
Strategies for
treatment of
Coronaviruses
Vaccines target weak points of virus.
Therapeutic trails for SARS-CoV-2
Different approaches to stop replication cycle of virus to control infection.
Using polymerase inibitor
Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) –> effects ________ species
Well known in ____ and ____ production
Tropism: Epithelial cells of ___ and _______ tract
Persistent infections
Increased shedding in ____ and at ______
BCoV clinical syndromes (3)
?
bovine, milk, meat, gut, respiratory, winter, calving
- Calf diarrhea (CD)
-Winter dysentery (WD)
-Bovine respiratory diseases complex (BRDC)
Dehydration (rehydrate animal)
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Four Clinical Syndromes associated with BCoV Infections
- Enteric infections
- Water dysentery
- Respiratory infections
- Bovine respiratory disease
(1) **Enteric Infections **
Calf _______ (CD), dehydration
Intestinal ____ atrophy
- Effects calfs age ranging from ____ to __ wks of age
diarrhea, villous, Birth, 4
(2) Winter dysentery (WD) ________ diarrhea + upper ___ months to ____, _________ infection
Intestinal ______ atrophy
Bloody, 6, adult, respiratory, villous
(3) Respiratory Infections (BRDC)
Calf respiratory disease __ wks to ___ months
2, 6
(4) Bovine respiratory disease __-__-month-old, complex (shipping fever feedlot cattle
Cough, nasolacrimal discharge, pneumonia
6-9
All BCoV isolates belong to 1 serotype (2 subtypes) and are pneumo/enteric –> _____________
pneumoenteritis
Only point mutations occur in the ___ gene of BCoV-___ vs BCoV-__ strains
Variation in strains based on ___ nucleotide in full length genome, changing ________, _________ of virus, etc.
S, E , R, one, tropism, behavior
What is this an image of?
Yellow Diarrhea
Characteristic for bovine coronavirus
Virus irritating mucous membrane –> destroys villi, shortens them, decreases surface area –> diarrhea (shooting out)
What is this an image of?
Winter dysentery
Sudden onset of diarrhea
with fresh blood in adults
Bovine coronavirus kinetics
Incubation period: time from infection until onset of clinical signs
Virus peaks after several days, then drops –> animal should recover, unless immunocompromised/coinfection with other pathogen.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
* _____ known coronavirus
* Discovered in 1930 in USA
* Primary site of infection upper respiratory tract/ reproductive
tract of _______ –> ______ and ______
–>** Virus detection**
1. Viremia
2. Nasal secretions
3. Feces and Urine
Disease is most severe in _____ _____
–> Other organs infected (sites of IBV persistence with periodic nasal shedding)
1. ______ (Nephropathogenic strains)
2. Tissue _____ of one IBV strain altered from respiratory to kidney tissues by serial passage in the cloaca
3. Oviducts (_____?)
4. ________
First, chicken, Trachea, Bronchi, baby, chicks, Kidneys, tropism, eggs, Intestine
Infectious bronchitis Virus (IBV)
Sensitivity: 56°C 15 min at room temperature 2-3 days
__________ detergents destroy
Pathology:
-Acute catarrhal tracheitis, - _______
-Sinusitis, air sacculitis - Local ________
Nephritis, -_______ = inflammation of oviduct (____ can not pass through –> issue in ___ production !)
**Stones in the ______ (_____) and _____ = another sign of IBV.
** Economic impacts of IBV infection in chicken:
- Poor _____ performance and ______ due to reparatory infection
- Losses in the ___ production and low ______ ____ production
- Loss associated with _____ damage in broilers and breeder chickens
common, Bronchitis, pneumonia, Salpingitis, eggs, egg, kidney, ureates, ureter, growth, mortality, egg, quality, egg, renal
Celiac acid? Newcastle?
IBV-induced clinical
syndromes in chickens
skipped
Macroscopic lesions
Respiratory tract
Mucus and redness (no hemorrhage) in trachea, froth in air
sacs in older chickens.
In young chicks a yellow cheesy plug at the tracheal
bifurcation is indicative of IB infection.
Reproductive tract
Fluid yolk material may be found in the abdominal
Abnormal ovary having the misshapen follicles
Egg- Outer surface - Ridges or concretions
Watery albumin
Nephrotic form
Swollen, pale kidneys, with tubules and ureters distended
with urates
In layers, urolithiasis is associated with certain
dietary factors
Infectious bronchitis Virus (IBV)
Many strains (differs in antigenic properties and virulence) -
mutations and recombination
Affects young chicken from 3 weeks
Maternal antibodies control infection for 3 weeks
Suffocation, cough, sternutation, urate plug, drop of lay,
clinical signs last for 10 – 14 days
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)
* Group 3 coronavirus
* ______ cause of economic loss in US ____
farms
* _____ chickens
* _____ chickens
* ______
Main, poultry, Young, Broiler, Layers
IBV-infected egg defect
IBV
IBV
Clinical picture of IBV infection in chicken
Diagnosis of IBV
- Case history: please indicate the case history according to each viral diseases
- Clinical signs: please indicate the characteristic clinical signs per each virus
- PM lesions : please indicate the characteristic PM lesions per each virus
-
Laboratory Diagnosis:
-Sample collection: please indicate the appropriate sample per each virus
-Detection of the Virus by EM: draw the morphology and structure of the virus
-Detection of viral Ag by different techniques (IF, HI, SNT etc)
-Detection of the viral Abs by (ELISA, NT, FAT, etc)
-Detection of the viral RNA (RT-PCR)
-Sequencing of the viral genome
IBV vaccines and vaccination strategies
Limitations of IBV vaccines
Kinetics of the IBV-induced immune response
Turkey coronavirus (TCoV)
know that it is called blueccomb disease
Which virus?
Which family?
Swollen? Cloaca –> signs of diarrhea in birds
Reviewed this entirely
Pantropic Canine coronavirus (CCoV)
* Two variants (CCoV- __ and CCoV-___)
A: Lung: extensive lobar ________ in the ______ and ______ lobe
B: Abdominal cavity with _______ of the bowel
-Enlargement of the ________
- _____: area of necrosis and hemorrhage
I, II, pneumonia, cranial, caudal, discoloration, spleen, Liver
CCoV
- C: Severe atrophy of intestinal villi
- D: IHC: CCoV- Ag in the cytoplasm of
intestinal villi
Read through this entirely
Diagnosis and control of CCoV
* Virus detection in _____ by ___
* Ag detection _____
* ____ detection rapid test
* Lateral flow immunoassay
* RT-____
* Control of CCoV:
-Vaccines are available to protect _____ and _____ of all ages against CCoV
-Vaccination should start about ___ wks of age (wait for maternal antibody to drop down).
feces, EM, ELISA, Ag, PCR, puppies, adults, 6
**Feline coronaviruses (FCoV)-Two pathotypes
- Feline enteric
coronavirus (FECoV) –> “Ubiquitous enteric biotype,” - Feline infectious
peritonitis virus (FIPV) –> “virulent biotype” FIPV = big issue in NA
- FeCoV: commonly detected in ______ and _______ cats with a prevalence ranging from
36% to 75%.
** FeCoV: transmitted via the ____-____route and primarily infects ___________
** Cats become ______ infected and continuously or ________ shed virus in feces - They generally remain _______ despite systemic infection, indicating that ______ FECV carriers play a key role in the epidemiology of FIPV
healthy, diarrheic, fecal, oral, enterocytes, persistently, intermittently, healthy, healthy
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV/FCoV)
* FCoV: ubiquitous virus of domestic and large cats.
* FCoV-infected cats either stay ______ or show only mild ______ (depends on immune system of animal).
* Small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop ?
** FCoV transmission is ____-____ via ______ trays and ______.
**FCoV infection of _______ is the key event in _____ pathogenesis
* Sampling the ______, when present, is the most useful diagnostic step
***FCoV ______ ________, is considered the gold standard for diagnosis
** Fecal ____-_____ is not useful for diagnosis of FIP but for identification of FCoV shedders within a cat colony
**A positive FCoV antibody test is not confirmatory of ______ (it is not a _____-test”) but absence of ______ _______ makes FIPV less likely
healthy, enteritis, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), fecal, oral, litter, fomites, monocytes, FIP, effusion, antigen, immunostaining, RT-PCR, FIPV, FIPV, FCoV antibodies
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV/FCoV)
* Two serotypes of FCoV (I and II)
** FCoV-type-1: induced higher antibody titers than FCoV type 2, and were more
frequently associated with clinical signs and/or feline infectious peritonitis
* Vaccine against FCoV should be based on FCoV type 1-related antigens
** Origin of FCoV type-II from the _________ between FCoV-type-__ and ______
recombination, 1, CCoV
Exchange –> FCoV type 2 is the resulting hybrid.
Pathogenesis of FIPV
Lymphoid tissue –> blood –> virus replicated in MQ -> induces humoral immune response –> see chart for resulting steps.
Clinical forms of FIPV infection in cats
went through both in detail.
Effusive-wet form of FIPV
Dry form of FIPV
uveitis mentioned here
Dry form of FIPV
Clinical picture of Feline infectious peritonitis virus
(FIPV/FCoV)
ataxia, ascitis, fluid, eye pictures too
What can be seen in the images provided?
FIPV/FCoV
Clinical picture of Feline infectious peritonitis virus
(FIPV/FCoV)
* Ultrasonography of young cat with
FIPV showing abdominal effusion
* Right lateral thoracic radiographic
showing presence of effusion
Lab Diagnosis of FIPV
***Detection of viral NA by ___-____ on:
- _____ samples (PBMCs)
-Effusion: centrifugation of the effusion fluid
- _______ samples: various body organs, liver, spleen
- _____ (sensitivity??)
- _______ _______ collected at PM examination
** Indirect detection of the infectious agent
- ___ testing on blood samples
- ____ testing on effusions
- _____ testing on CSF samples
**_______: to show presence of FIPV-Ag in macrophages in an effusion of a cat with confirmed FIPV infection (macrophages: black head arrow)
***Detection of viral NA by RT-PCR on:
- Blood samples (PBMCs)
-Effusion: centrifugation of the effusion fluid
-Tissue samples: various body organs, liver, spleen
-CSF (sensitivity??)
-Aqueous humor collected at PM examination
** Indirect detection of the infectious agent
-Ab testing on blood samples
-Ab testing on effusions
-Ab testing on CSF samples
**IHC: to show presence of FIPV-Ag in macrophages
in an effusion of a cat with confirmed FIPV infection
(macrophages: black head arrow)
FIPV
Rivalta’s point-point-of care test
** (__ ___) Rivalta test of a FIP-aspiration, the fluid was colored by _______ ____
* Originally developed to differentiate transudate from exudate in human
* (__ ___) results may not specific for FIPV: (+) was reported in ____ FIPV infected cats
** Test has high _______ predictive value (94%): (-) is useful to rule out FIPV at the point-of-care
+Ve, Methylene, blue, + Ve, none, negative
Rivalta’s point-point-of care test
FIPV/FeCoV vaccines and control measures
*** I/N vaccine commercially available in the USA
* Temperature-sensitive mutant of the type II FCoV strain DF2
** Vaccine aims to induce local mucosal immune responses
through the induction of IgA and cell-mediated immunity
* Vaccine induces development of systemic antibodies against
FCoV
* Vaccine be used in FCoV antibody-positive cats
* FCoV- Ab -negative kittens could benefit from vaccination,
particularly if they subsequently enter an FCoV-endemic
environment and thus would be at risk of developing FIP
* If vaccination is to be given, the 1st dose should not be given
before 16 weeks of age with a 2nd dose being given three weeks
after the 1st dose.
***Coronaviruses in Swine can be divided into ?
Alphacoronavirus Deltacoronavirus
***Alphacoronavirus
- Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)
- Porcine Respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV)
**Deltacoronavirus
Porcine deltacoronavirus
(PDCoV)
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)
*** Mortality rate: _____ % in piglets less
than ____ week old
* TGEV infects _______ ______ of SI
* _______ of the intestine with fluid in
a thin translucent intestinal wall
100, one, villous enterocytes, Distention
TGEV
**SEM of villi infected with TGE
Pathogenesis of TGEV in pigs
Went through this entirely
Pathogenesis and host immune response to (TGEV)
- Secretory IgA: important immunity and viral clearance
- IM immunization: humoral IgG- no protection
- Oral immunization: develop IgA in mucosal secretions: protective
- Protective IgA in colostrum
- Cell mediated immunity is also important
Went through these images
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCoV)
** PRCoV: evolved from the enteric ______ mutant (1984 EU, 1989 USA)
** A small mutation in the ____ gene responsible for the viral tropism (respiratory/enteric)
* Cell tropism: _______ Epith and _____ macrophages & limited _____ tropism
** PRCoV: mild __________ diseases or _________
** PRCV induces cross-protection against ______ (because very closely related)
*** However, diagnosis of PRCV is a challenge. Both PRCV and TGE share
many _______ sites, and so routine serology does not distinguish between
the two viruses
* Suspicion of PRCV may be based on _________ evidence in the _______ of enteric disease (difficult).
TGEV, S, respiratory, alveolar, GIT, respiratory, asymptomatic, TGEV, antigenic, serological, absence
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)
* First reported in US in April 2013
* not Zoonotic – No disease in humans
* not a food safety concern
** not a new disease – but, new to North America
* Similar to TGEV – but more challenging than
TGEV
****Mortality rate up to ______% in __-__ Wks
* ((Affect pigs of all ages
** More severe in ______ animals
*** Transmission through _____-____ route
100, 3-5, young, fecal oral
Pathogenesis of PEDV in pigs
* Thin wall of the intestine
* PEDV infects enterocytes of ____ intestine
and _____ causing
-Intracellular viral replication destroy ______
-Severe villous _____
-Thin wall intestine
* Loss of the enterocytes destroy the _______ capability of the small and large intestines
- Pigs unable to extract energy and
nutrients from its ____ or ____
-Pigs develop severe ______
( ____________ , and ________)
small, cecum, enterocytes, atrophy, absorptive, feed, milk, diarrhea, malabsorption, osmotic
bluish/grey diarrhea on back of animal.
Diagnosis of PEDV
** _____ - _________ to detect the presence of viral NA in feces and oral fluids
** _____ : to detect virus association with the lesions in the small intestine
** _____ : to detect viral antibodies in the sera
** ____: to detect viral particles
* Virus _______
*** Viral genome ______: to determine the
genetic signature of the virus = gold standard
Real-time PCR, IHC, IFT, EM, isolation, sequencing
Detection of the three main swine coronaviruses (PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV) (multiplex-PCR)
multiplex pcr
went through this.
Equine Coronavirus (ECoV)
* Discovered in 1999
** Highly contagious virus of ___ and _____ horse
* ** Transmitted through exposure to contaminated ____ materials
* Asymptomatic infection may occur
* High morbidity but low mortality
** _____ and _____ in adult horses
* May cause fever and respiratory diseases
* Rapid progression may lead to death
***Causes _____ in young foals
foals, adult, fecal, Diarrhea, colic, enteritis
Go through boxed info
General properties of Arterivirdae
Virion:
- _________
- __- ___ nm in diameter
-Smooth surface ______ with ____
like structure
Genome:
-______ (___) sense
-Replication in ______
-Virion formed by _____ into
-endoplasmic reticulum, released by exocytosis
Common viral diseases:
-Equine arteritis virus (EAV)
-Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
(PRRSV)
-Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice (in
breeding colonies)
-Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)
Viral tropism:
-EAV: macrophages (monocytes)
PRRSV: respiratory and reproductive tract
Sperical, 50, 70, envelope, ring, ssRNA, +, cytoplasm, budding
Arterivirdae
Genome Structure and Organization - Arterivirdae
Replication cycle of Arterivirdae
Ran through it.
Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV)
**Equine arteritis virus (EAV)
** Order Nidovirales
** Family Arteriviridae
** Genus Arterivirus
**Species affected: (Horses, Donkeys, Zebra,
Ponies)
Isolates vary in virulence
Only one recognized serotype
Regional variations may occur
First U.S outbreak
1953, Ohio
Standardbred breeding farm
Infected stallions
10-70% become EAV carriers
Prevalence of EAV
Varies by breed
Standardbreds (24%)
Thoroughbreds (4.5%)
Warm bloods (3.6%)
Quarter horses (0.6%)
Likely due to management practices
**Transmission of EAV
Respiratory
Common where horses gather
Racetracks, sales, shows
Venereal
Acutely infected mares
Acutely and chronically infected stallions
Natural service and artificial insemination
In utero
Fomites
Equipment
Mechanical transmission
Humans, other animals
Virus inactivation
20-30 minutes at 56-58ºC
2 to 3 days at 37-38ºC
Up to 75 days at 4-8ºC
Semen remains infectious after freezing –> virus stays in semen forever
EAV is the most important virus of equines.
EAV in mule Outbreaks not reported
Antibodies found
Little information on clinical
signs
Experimental infections
Fever, depression
Serous ocular and nasal
discharge
Pregnant donkey mares did not
abort
Transmission cycle of EAV
EAV disease in Horses
Many infections ___________
Mares bred to _____-term carriers
** Severe infections
_______, ____
Most common in ____
** Disease in _____
Fever, depression, anorexia,
Edema
*** Pregnant mares
____
_________
asymptomatic, long, Respiratory, enteritis, foals, adults, Abortion, Stillbirth
EAV
***** Stallions –> __________ fertility ( _____ stage)
Reduced sperm _____ caused by increased _____ temperature and ____
Decreased ______
Decreased, acute, quality, scrotal, edema, libido
ALL of this EAV- Post Mortem Lesions
Acute cases
Edema, congestion, hemorrhages
Fluid accumulation in body cavities
Foals
Pulmonary edema, interstitial
pneumonia, splenic infarcts, enteritis
Aborting mares
Endometrial hemorrhages
Fetuses may be partially autolyzed
EAV
Pathogenesis of EAV
Went through this not numbers, just steps
Laboratory diagnosis of EAV
Virus isolation
Semen (carrier stallions)
Rabbit kidney cells
Nucleic acid detection
RT-PCR
Antigen detection
Immunohistochemistry
Histopathology
Serology
Virus neutralization
Complement fixation
Agar gel immunodiffusion
** Indirect fluorescent antibody
Fluorescent microsphere immunoassay
** ELISA
Carrier stallions can be detected by breeding to two
seronegative mares
Differential Diagnosis
Equine influenza
Equine infectious anemia
African horse sickness
Hendra virus
Equine rhinitis A and B viruses
Equine adenoviruses
Equine herpesviruses 1 and 4
Purpura hemorrhagica
Berteroa incana (hoary alyssum) poisoning
Control of EAV
** MLV vaccine: valuable in ______ mares
* -Identification of persistently infected stallions
*** Breeding to ____-EAV Ab _____ mares is too risky
* Export requirements:
* -Horses should be sero- ______
** Semen should be
-Virus isolation (____)
-RT-PCR (-Ve)
breeding, anti, positive, negative, -Ve
**Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV)
Two major PRRSV genotypes
- European prototype
- North American prototype
***European prototype
EU-type, type 1
Lelystad virus (LV)
***North American prototype
NA-type, type 2)
known as VR-2332
PRRSV
* Virus constantly changing (Quasispecies)
* Strains LV and VR-2332 share
* about 55–70% nucleotide identity at the genome level
* and about 50–80% amino acid similarity
** Immunity produced by one strain does not protect against another strain
* Variable expression of diseases severity
** Transmission:
-Horizontal: respiratory, fecal-oral, direct contact
-Vertical : trans placental, semen, artificial insemination semen
Genome structure and organization of PRRSV
Arteroviridae
Pathogenesis of PRRSV
** Primary target cells & replication of PRRSV: Porcine ____________ ________(PAM)
alveolar macrophages
Briefly ran through this
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRSV)
* ** Virus spread by ?
* Immunosuppressive
* Virus survive long time in cold and wet conditions
**** _____ infectious: small amount of the virus enough to infect entire herd
* Persistent infection up to 200 days in some pig shedders
* Easily mutated making vaccine preparation hard
** Difficulty in differentiation between the ______/_______ animals requires ___ tests
every possible ways (feces, milk, saliva,
semen, blood, aerosol up to 6 miles, colostrum, intrauterine), Highly, filed, infected, DIVA
Effects of various temperatures on survival of PRRSV
**Respiratory PRRSV
* _________ pneumonia: ____ discoloration and mottling, ______ texture
* _______ lymph nodes: lymphadenopathy: all strain
* PRRSV: infect and destroy the lung ______
* Thumping in pigs: “_______”(shallow, rapid
breathing) are typical symptoms of pneumonia in swine
Interstitial, tan, rubbery, Enlarged, macrophages, thumping
PRRSV
thumping (shallow, rapid breathing) in pigs
Reproductive PRRSV
*** ______
* Stillbirth
* Born dead pigs
* Mummification
* Virus shed in semen
* Variable impacts on the quality of
semen on infected animals
Abortion
Blue ear (edema and cyanosis)
Mostly European type
Diagnosis of PRRSV
** FATS: fluorescent Ab examination of _____ ____
***PCR: very sensitive especially in fetal materials in case of _____
* RFLP: Restriction fragment length polymorphism
* Virus isolation
* Sequencing of viral genome
* ** ____
* ELISA
* IFA: indirect IFT
* VNT
frozen tissue, abortion, IHC
Control and Vaccines of PRRSV
** PRRSV vaccination: decrease titer and duration of viremia and viral shedding
**** ____ vaccine (Boehringer Ingelheim)
-PRRS-MLV
-PRRS-ATP
** Not safe for _____ ________ females (abortion, may contaminate semen)
* Recombination
* Interfere with the future diagnostic assays
* **Some management control measures
- _________ (all in all out)
- Reduce concurrent infection
-Replacement of ___
-Checking _____ for AI
MLV, naive, pregnant, Biosecurity, gilts, semen
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
* Noticed in _________ imported from India in 1964 - all died
* Fatal ___________ disease
* Fever, facial edema, anorexia, dehydration, skin petechiae, diarrhea,
and hemorrhage
* _____ to ____ transmission (contaminated needles, etc)
* Death in 5-25 days, mortality 100%
* No ______ available
macaques, hemorrhagic, Blood, blood, vaccine
Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus
Target cells
- MQ
- DC
Torovirus
* Name the different strains: (4?)
* Torus (Latin) refers to the circular convex molding in the form of a _________
that some columns or pilaster have at their bases
Equine torovirus, Bovine torovirus, Human torovirus, and Porcine torovirus, doughnut
The capsid may be bent into an open torus, conferring a biconcave disk or
kidney shape on the virion (largest diameter 120-140 nm), or straight, resulting
in a rod-shaped particle (dimensions 35 X 170 nm).
Comparison between ToV and CoV on the morphology and structure
Some common Torovirus diseases
Porcine Torovirus (PToV)
* **Found at especially high rates in ______ with ______
*** First reported in the _______ in 1998 and emerged in many countries around the world
* ___________ microscopy was used to detect PToV
* Neutralization assays
* indirect ELISA method
* PCR is the most widely used diagnostic assay
piglets, diarrhea, Netherlands, Immunoelectron
- Family: Roniviridae
Boxed part, images
Okavirus- YHD and GAV
* Okaviruses have been detected only in _________
* The _______ _______ ______ (Penaeus monodon) appears to be the primary natural host of GAV and YHV but other penaeid and crustacean species are
susceptible to natural and experimental infection.
* Only genotypes 1 (____) and 2 (____) have been associated with disease
** ____ associated virus
crustaceans, giant tiger shrimp, YHV, GAV, gill
GAV occurs commonly as a chronic infection in healthy brood stock and farmed black tiger prawns
Okavirus- YHD and GAV
Yellow head
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