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Virology > Orthomyxovirdae and Bunyavirdae > Flashcards

Orthomyxovirdae and Bunyavirdae Flashcards

1
Q

Orthro =_______
myxo= _______
viridae= ______

A

direct, muocus, virus

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2
Q

General properties of Orthomyxoviridae
*____________, usually _______ but can be filamentous
* 80-120 nm in diameter
* Genome: - _________, (____ ve sense ____ stranded RNA)
* - ______ genome, encapsidated by nucleoprotein (NP)
- 7-8 segments coding for 11 proteins
* -genome total size is 13.5Kb
* Three types of influenza viruses: A, B, and C
* Only influenza ___ viruses are classified by subtype
main surface glycoproteins
-Hemagglutinin (HA)
-Neuraminidase (NA). eg H1N1

A

Enveloped, rounded, segmented, -, single, linear, A

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3
Q
A

Orthomyxoviridae

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4
Q

Label accordingly

A
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5
Q

General properties of Orthomyxoviridae cont…
* Humans can be infected with influenza types ?
* Animals can be only infected with influenza type ___
* Subtypes of influenza A that are currently circulating
among people worldwide include (?) viruses
* 16 distinct _______ H1 to H16
* 9 distinct _________ N1 to N9
* The host immune response is directed against the ___ & __
* _______ ______: -natural host for all known subtypes of
influenza A viruses; do not become sick when they are infected with avian influenza A viruses
* ________ poultry, such as ______ and ______, can
become very sick and die from avian influenza

A

A, B, and C viruses
A
H1N1, H1N2, and
H3N2
Hemagglutinins
Neuriminidases
H, N
Wild birds
Domestic, turkeys, chickens

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6
Q

Name the genera within the family Orthomyxoviridae

A
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7
Q

Classification regimen of influenza viruses
* Type A, B or C/place isolated/number of isolate/year isolated
* In the case of influenza A, also: HA subtype (H) and NA subtype (N)
* For example, the three strains for the 2007/2008 vaccine are:
-A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1)
-A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2)
-B/Malaysia/2506/2004

A
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8
Q

What is the host range of influenza viruses?

A

Pay attention to the overlap

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9
Q

Influenza virus surface antigens (HA and NA)

A
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10
Q

Replication cycle of Influenza virus cont

A
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11
Q

Describe the replication cycle of the influenza virus

A
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12
Q

Infection of host cells with the influenza virus is mediated by specific interactions between the viral __________ (HA) and cell oligosaccharides containing _____ acid (SA) residues

Avian and human influenza viruses bind to ?

A

haemagglutinin, sialic, alpha-2, 3 and alpha-2, 6 sialic acid-linked receptors, respectively

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13
Q

What is the difference between Orthomyxovidae and Paramyxovidae?

A
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14
Q

Transmission and symptoms of seasonal Influenza

A
  • Chills
  • Body aches, especially throat and joints
  • Coughing and sneezing
  • Extreme fever
  • Fatigue, headache, and nasal congestion
    *** Though similar symptoms occur with a
    cold, they are much more severe with the
    flu!
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15
Q

Describe influenza antigenic changes

A
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16
Q
  • Swine influenza common strains (3?)
  • _______ virus circulated in 1957-1967
  • ______ virus appeared in 1968 and completely replaced the H2N2 virus
A

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2
H2N2
H3N2

17
Q
A
18
Q

Where does influenza A virus come from?

A
19
Q

Ecology, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 viruses

A
20
Q

What is an influenza pandemic?
* Influenza pandemics are worldwide epidemics of a
newly emerged strain of influenza
* Few, if any, people have any immunity to the new
virus
* This allows the new virus to spread widely, easily,
and to cause more serious illness
* Pandemics occur when a new avian influenza strain
acquires the ability infect people and to spread
easily person to person
* This can occur in two ways:
– Reassortment (an exchange of seasonal and
avian influenza genes in a person or pig infected
with both strains)
– Mutation (an avian strain becomes more
transmissible through adaptive mutation of the
virus during human avian influenza infection)

A
21
Q

Two cocirculating subtypes of swine influenza virus are endemic in pig population: ?
* Infection of the swine influenza virus is limited to the?

A

H1N1 and N3N2, respiratory tract

22
Q

See study guide for viruses

A
23
Q

The 2009 H1N1 and the H3N2 viruses : high levels of resistance to ___________ and ___________

A

amantadine, Rimantadine

24
Q

Control of influenza virus
* Influenza vaccines are available for pigs, horses, dogs and, in some countries,
birds
* The vaccines do not always prevent infection or virus shedding, but the disease
is usually milder if it occurs
* Influenza vaccines may change periodically to reflect the current subtypes and
strains in a geographic area.
* In general, swine and equine viruses display less antigenic drift than human
viruses, and these vaccines are changed less often.

A
25
Q

Prevention & Treatment of the Flu
* Get the flu vaccine each year due to high mutation rate of
the virus.
* Practice good hygiene and personal health habits.
* Cover your mouth when while sneezing and wash your
hands regularly as the virus spreads through aerosols.
* Since the flu is a virus, antibiotics won’t work unless there is a secondary bacterial infection.
**Inactivated subunit (TIV)
– intramuscular – trivalent – split virus and subunit types – duration of immunity 1 year or less
*** Live attenuated vaccine (LAIV)
– intranasal – trivalent – duration of immunity at least 1 year – A new vaccine is formulated annually with the types
and strains of influenza predicted to be the major problems for that year (predictions are based on world wide monitoring of influenza)

A

__

26
Q

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI)-standard Quarantine measures- Zooning
* Infected Zone: Minimum __ km
Premises Zones and Areas
radius of the infected premises
* Buffer Zone: The area between __
km and ___ km of the infected
premises will be considered the
buffer zone
* Control Zone: Infected and buffer
zone > ___ km
Infected Zone
Buffer Zone
Surveillance Zone
* Surveillance Zone: at least 10 km
+
= Control Area
+
= Free Area
and may be wider

A

3, 3, 10, 10

27
Q

Recommended measures for the control of HPAI-Farm level
* Keep poultry away from areas frequented by wild fowl
* keep control over access to poultry houses by people and equipment
* Maintain sanitation of property, poultry houses and equipment
* Appropriate disposal of manure and dead poultry
* Generally ‘stamping out’ (culling) to eradicate the disease
* Appropriate disposal of carcasses and all animal Burial : fast and cheap, but concerns about environment increasing -Burry the dead carcasses and overlaid with lime stone
Incineration: several types of incineration units were used with varying
degrees of success

A
28
Q

Diagnosis of influenza viruses
* Samples: _____ secretions or epithelial cells (______ swab)
* Detection of viral particles by ___
* Isolation on cell _____ or ____ (______ sac inoculation, 9-11 days)
* Detection of Viral RNA: ?
* Detection of Viral Ag by: ?
* Detection of viral Abs: ?
* Seroconversion

A

nasal, throat, EM, culture, ECE, allantoic, RT-PCR , HA test, ELISA, FAT, ELISA, IF

29
Q

Tospovirus affects ?

A

Plants
Tomato spotted wilt virus

30
Q

Phlebovirus affects?

A

Vertebrates
Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, RFV

31
Q

Virion - Bunyaviruses
-__________, ___________, 80-100 nm in diameter
-Virion have _________ spike but no ________ protein in their envelope
The nucleocapsid segments with ________ symmetry
Genome: segmented, __________ sense, _____sRNA -Three segments (?) -5’ capped
-Cytoplasmic replication
-_________ into Glogi vesicles
-____________ for vertebrates
-______-________ persistent infection in invertebrates
-Genetic _________ occurs between closely related viruses

A

Virion - Bunyaviruses
-Spherical, enveloped, 80-100 nm in diameter
-Virion have glycoprotein spike but no matrix protein in their envelop
The nucleocapsid segments with helical symmetry
Genome: segmented, negative sense, ssRNA -Three segments (L, M, and S) -5’ capped
-Cytoplasmic replication -Budding into Glogi vesicles -Cytocidal for vertebrates
-Non-cytocidal persistent infection in invertebrates
-Genetic reassortment occurs between closely related viruses

32
Q

Bunyaviridae
1. Segmented or non-segmented?
2. Positive or negative sense?
3. ________ stranded RNA genome

A

segmented (Three segments: L: large M: Medium S: Small), negative, single

33
Q

An enzootic disease is ________ present in an animal population, but usually only affects a ____ number of animals at any one time

A

constantly, small

34
Q

An Epizootic: an ________ of disease affecting ______ animals of one kind at the same time

A

outbreak, many

35
Q

Rift Valley -RVFV- Kenya, Africa
* 1900’s: First recognized in sheep * 1930: Agent isolated * Sporadic outbreaks in Kenya * Requires mosquito transmission from animal to animal * Fever-causing disease
– Sheep, cattle, goats
– High abortion rates
– Death in young animals * Can affect humans
– Flu-like symptoms * Requires mosquito transmission from animal to animal * Fever-causing disease
– Sheep, cattle, goats
– High abortion rates
– Death in young * Can affect humans
– Flu-like symptoms

A
36
Q

RVFV-Distribution: Vector
* _________ – Aedes species
– ________ lays eggs in ____-prone areas
– RVF virus passed from female mosquito to
her _____
– Eggs dormant in soil for long periods
– Heavy ____, eggs hatch
– Feeds on animals and people
* Species affected? * High levels of virus in ____ * Amplify (boost) virus
– Infect other mosquitoes
– Establish disease in environment
– May lead to large outbreaks * Humans
– Possible source of virus for mosquitoes

A

Mosquitoes, Mosquito, flood, eggs, rainfall, Cattle, sheep, goats, blood

37
Q

Aino Virus
* Akabane and Aino viruses are closely related arboviruses of the
genus Orthobunyavirus, within the Simbu serogroup in the family Bunyaviridae
* Linked to fetal deformities in ______, ______, and _______
* Transmitted between animals by ______ vectors
* Biting ______ (gnats) in the genus Culicoides abortions, stillbirths, premature
births, and birth defects including arthrogryposis, scoliosis, sunken eyes,
cataracts, maxillary retraction and dental irregularities
* Arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, and cerebellar hypoplasia or agenesis

A
  • Akabane and Aino viruses are closely related arboviruses of the
    genus Orthobunyavirus, within the Simbu serogroup in the family Bunyaviridae
  • Linked to fetal deformities in cattle and sheep, goats
  • Transmitted between animals by insect vectors
  • Biting midges (gnats) in the genus Culicoides abortions, stillbirths, premature
    births, and birth defects including arthrogryposis, scoliosis, sunken eyes,
    cataracts, maxillary retraction and dental irregularities * Arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, and cerebellar hypoplasia or agenesis
38
Q

What virus can be seen below?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

Virology (17 decks)

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