week 10 - intelligence Flashcards
three models of intelligence
1) a single trait
2) a few basic abilities
3) numerous cognitive processes
what is ‘G’
general intelligence - it influences our ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks
who proposed idea of general intelligence
Charles Spearman 1904
empirical support of intelligence as a single trait view
Measures of g, such as overall scores on intelligence tests, correlate positively with school grades and achievement test performance (Gottfredson, 2011)
Intelligence as a few basic abilities - Cattle (1963)
Fluid intelligence = ability to find new answers to problems through logic and creative thinking, rather than knowing things about the problem beforehand. Increases from birth to ~20s; decreases after
Crystallised intelligence = specific knowledge and skills learned consciously through life experiences. Increases across lifespan as you learn more about the world
They are connected = fluid solutions can become crystallised; crystallised knowledge can be updated in response to fluid thinking
empirical support of the intelligence as a few basic abilities view
-Tests of each type of intelligence correlate more highly with tests of the same type than they do with tests of the other type (Horn & McArdle, 2007).
-The prefrontal cortex usually is highly active on measures of fluid intelligence but tends to be less active on measures of crystallized intelligence (Jung & Haier, 2007).
Gardner (1983)seven intelligences:
1) visual- spatial
2) linguistic- verbal
3) interpersonal
4) intrapersonal
5) logical- mathematical
6) musical
7) bodily- kinesthetic
8) naturalistic
history of intelligence testing
- Sir Francis Galton tried to measure intelligence in the 1800s. thought quickness of hand = quickness of mind
- Binet in 1900s started modern intelligence testing. focused on judgement, comprehension and reasoning
Who was Terman
- published Stanford- Binet Intelligence Scale in 1916. Created IQ measure and the concept that intelligence was on a bell curve. Was used by US government as part of screening WW1 recruits.
Weschler Intelligence scale for children (latest ed. 2014)
- intended for 6-16 year olds
- verbal comprehension
- visual spatial
- fluid reasoning
- working memory
Weschler Adult intelligence scale (latest ed. 2008)
- intended for 16+
- verbal comprehension
- perceptual reasoning
- working memory
- processing speed
controversies and discrimination of intelligence
- scientific racism
- student protests around ethics of research
- eugenics erroneous theory that the human race can be improved through selective breeding of populations
controversies in intelligence testing
- racial bias in test design - based on western and often European ideas therefore disadvantaging marginalised groups.
- fears around stereotypical poor performance based on group members.
continuity of IQ scores
- Longitudinal studies that have measured the same children’s IQ scores at different ages have, in fact, shown impressive continuity from age 5 onward.
- Several variables influence the degree of stability of IQ scores over time
- Time between testing * Age
relevance of education
- Meta-analysis completed by Ritchie & Tucker-Drob, 2018 (University of Edinburgh)
- Exploring 42 data sets analyzed in 28 studies (n = 600,000)
- Key finding = Each additional year of education as associated with 1-5 additional IQ points
are IQ scores ever identical?
- random variation in factors. Childs alertness and mood on the test days. The greater similarity of children’s environments over shorter periods of time contributes to the greater similarity of scores over shorter periods.
correlation between school grades and achievement test scores
Strong correlation with school grades and achievement test scores, both at the time of the test and years later (Ritchie, 2016)
What can IQ predict
Strongpredictorofacademic,economic,and occupational success (Nisbett et al., 2012; Sackett, Borneman, & Connelly, 2008)
