week 10

Question 1

gender typing

Answer 1

• process through which a child becomes aware of their gender and adopts behaviours and values typical for their gender

Question 2

gender typed

Answer 2

• behaviour/interest/trait is considered appropriate for a persons assigned gender

Question 3

cross gender typed

Answer 3

• when someone engages in behaviours or interests traditionally associated with the opposite gender

Question 4

gender non conforming

Answer 4

• people that don’t follow traditional gender norms in their appearance/behaviour/interests

Question 5

problems with the gender binary
neuroscience

Answer 5

• no brain structure unique to only one sex

Question 6

problems with the gender binary
behavioural neuroendocrinology

Answer 6

• androgens and testosterone present in all humans
• hormone levels are situation dependent

Question 7

problems with the gender binary
gender psychology

Answer 7

• individuals display feminine typed and masculine typed behaviours

Question 8

problems with the gender binary
research on transgender and nonbinary individuals

Answer 8

• exist worldwide and across time

Question 9

problems with the gender binary
developmental intergroup research and theory

Answer 9

• people categorize others into groups based on observable characteristics
• cultural practices establish gender as a binary category not actually real

Question 10

stereotypes

Answer 10

• generalized beliefs and expectations about individuals based on their group membership

Question 11

prejudice

Answer 11

• biased attitudes toward persons based on their group membership

Question 12

discrimination

Answer 12

• biased treatment toward persons based on their group membership

Question 13

minority stress model

Answer 13

• being part of a minority leads to unique ongoing stressors that can cause chronic stress impacting mental and physical health
• external (distal)
• internal (proximal)

Question 14

stonewall

Answer 14

• being LGBTQ+ was criminalized
• police raided gay bar stonewall inn
• sparked resistance, uprising, no longer quietly accepting abuse
• rebellion against gender norms

Question 15

theoretical explanations for gender development
physiological influences

Answer 15

• genes xx(fe) xy
• hormones and brain functioning
• organizing influences, permanent effects of hormones on the body and brain during critical periods
• activating influences, temporary effects of hormones that activate behaviours and traits
• brain structure and functioning

Question 16

cognitive and motivational influences for gender development

Answer 16

• children form expectations about gender that guide behaviour and shape motivations

Question 17

gender schemas

Answer 17

• organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender including stereotypes

Question 18

ingroup/outgroup gender schema

Answer 18

• categorizing whether other people or objects are associated with ones gender ingroup

Question 19

own gender schema

Answer 19

• accumulated knowledge and beliefs associated with one’s self identified gender

Question 20

gender schema theory (sandra bem)

Answer 20

• children learn what’s considered for boys/girls and then use that information to shape how they see the world and themselves
• develop gender schemas

Question 21

gender schema theory
information processing

Answer 21

• biased processing and recall of gender information
• noticing information about gender ingroup events
• accurately encoding/ remembering gender schema consistent behaviour and distorting/forgetting information inconsistent with one’s gender schema

Question 22

gender schema theory
dual pathways

Answer 22

• children process information about activities and behaviours through 2 separate but interacting filters
• gender schema filter, is this for my gender?
• interest filter, am I interested in this?
• filters aligning vs conflicting

Question 23

social cognitive theory

Answer 23

• bandura
• emphasized the role of social interactions, observations and cognitive processes in how people learn behaviours/values/roles

Question 24

sct learning modes
tuition

Answer 24

• learning via explicit teaching/ direct instruction

Question 25

sct learning modes enactive experience

Answer 25

- learning through personal experience/feedback - eg consequences of actions

Question 26

sct learning modes observational learning/modeling

Answer 26

- learning by watching others - most powerful - requires attention, memory, production, motivation

Question 27

self socialization in gender development

Answer 27

- when children become active participants in their own development of gender roles'- regulate and adjust their behaviours according to their understanding of gender - self efficacy, practice, social modelling, social persuasion

Question 28

social identity theory

Answer 28

- influence of group membership on people's self concepts/self esteem and behaviour with others - once a person identifies with a group, 3 processes typically occur: - ingroup bias, favouring members of ones own group - ingroup assimilation, individuals align their behaviours attitudes and values to match those of the ingroup - between group contrast, people accentuate the differences between their ingroup and other outgroups

Question 29

social identity theory, social identities and status differences high status group members

Answer 29

- usually more invested in maintaining group boundaries than low status group members

Question 30

developmental intergroup theory

Answer 30

- children naturally categorize people based on visible characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, class - intersectionality, advantage vs disadvantage

Question 31

salience of gender

Answer 31

- how noticeable or important gender becomes in people's minds during interactions or in certain contexts, once salient = dominant factor - gender bases categorization of people

Question 32

key processes contributing to salience/stereotyping/ prejudice due to gender

Answer 32

- physical attributes - disproportionate representation - gender label use, he, she etc - activity segregation

Question 33

bioecological model

Answer 33

- urie bronfenbrenner - human development is influenced by interconnection between micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono,

Question 34

bioecological model microsystem

Answer 34

- immediate environment - eg, family, school, peers

Question 35

bioecological model mesosystem

Answer 35

- interactions between microsystems - eg. how school interacts with family

Question 36

bioecological model exosystem

Answer 36

- indirect envronments - eg. politics, parents workplace

Question 37

bioecological model macrosystem

Answer 37

- broader cultural values, laws, customs, ideologies of a society

Question 38

bioecological model chronosystem

Answer 38

- dimension of time, changes over childs life, historical shifts in culture - differences in what is acceptable

Question 39

opportunity structure

Answer 39

- economic and social resources offered by the macrosystem in the bioecological model and people's understandings of those resources

Question 40

prenatal development, sexual differentiation

Answer 40

- 6 weeks, ovaries or testes - 7-10 weeks, two sets of ducts, male =wolffian, female = mullerian - 8-12 weeks, external genitalia formed