week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
sensation
A
- processing of basic information from the external world
- receptors
2
Q
perception
A
- organization and interpretation of sensory information
3
Q
methods for studying infant visual attention
preferential looking technique
A
- presenting 2 images simultaneously
- measures preference by observing which image infants look at for a longer duration
- habituation, longer spent looking at one of them they can tell the difference, novel
4
Q
methods for studying infant visual attention
fantz visual stimuli
A
- contrasting vertical lines with different thickness on paddles, most to least amount of detail
- testing acuity, see if they can tell the difference
5
Q
methods for studying infant visual attention
automatic eye tracker
A
- modern development
- more precise measurements
- can present more stimuli
6
Q
visual acuity
A
- sharpness/clarity of vision
- assessed via ability to perceive simple and complex patterns
- paddles
7
Q
contrast sensitivity
A
- ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern
8
Q
cone cells
A
- light sensitive neurons concentrated in the fovea
- not fully developed in infants, lower acuity
9
Q
face perception
A
- attentional changes across development depending on the stage
10
Q
perceptual narrowing faces
A
- infants prefer face like shapes, 3 triangle dots, daphne maurer
- newborn: facelike stimuli humans and monkeys
- 9 months: focus on human faces only
11
Q
perceptual constancy
A
- perceiving objects as maintaining the same size, shape and color despite variations in retinal image
- exhibit size constancy even without prior experience
12
Q
object segregation
A
- identification of separate objects in a visual array
13
Q
violation of expectancy procedure
A
- infants habituate to one image/scene
- see something expected/unexpected
- infants look longer at unexpected events
14
Q
binocular disparity/stereopsis
A
- variation between the 2 eyes allowing us to infer depth
15
Q
infant
auditory localization
A
- hearing most advanced of the newborn senses
- poor localization, improves as the infant grows
16
Q
infant
taste and smell development
A
- prenatal taste development
- newborns prefer sweet flavours, smell of breast milk and their mother
- young children adverse reaction to novel food hypothesized smell not taste
17
Q
infant
touch
A
- infant learning through touch
- oral exploration
18
Q
intermodal perception
A
- integration of 2+ senses
19
Q
mcgirk effect
A
- different mouth movement than audio playing
- what we hear is impacted by what we see visually
20
Q
motor development
reflexes
A
- fixed, tightly organized patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation
21
Q
major milestones
A
- infants progress quickly
- large differences across cultures and individuals within development
22
Q
pre reaching and reaching
A
- clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the general vicinity of objects they see
- 3-4 months successful reaching
23
Q
self-locomotion
A
- ability to move around the environment
- crawling
- walking
24
Q
visual cliff
A
- designed for depth perception
- pattern on the floor, appears to be a big drop, covered by plexiglass
- mothers calling out, smiling toys to see if infant can be tricked against natural instinct to go across
- 6-14 months will not cross no matter what
- but if new walker they will walk across even if they wouldn’t have crawled
25
Q
habituation
A
- form of learning, decrease in response to repeated/continued stimulation
- recognition of being exposed to that thing before
26
Q
classical conditioning
A
- associating initial stimulus with stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response
27
Q
instrumental/operant conditioning
A
- learning process that uses rewards and punishments to change voluntary behaviors
28
Q
positive reinforcement
A
- reward that reliably follows a behaviour
- increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated
29
Q
observational learning/imitation
A
- learning through observing other people’s behaviour
30
Q
language development
A
- production
- comprehension
- use of symbols
31
Q
components of language
generative
A
- finite set of words can be combined to generate an infinite number of sentences
32
Q
components of language
phonemes
A
- smallest units of meaningful sound
33
Q
components of language
morphemes
A
- smallest units of meaning in a language
- composed of one or more phonemes
34
Q
components of language
syntax
A
- rules specifying how words from different categories can be combined
35
Q
components of language
pragmatics
A
- knowledge about how language is used
eg. It’s not you it’s me
36
Q
requirements for language
A
- human brain and environment
- brain language lateralization
- hemispheric language learning differences, left hemisphere for 90% of right handed people
- input during the sensitive period
37
Q
bilingual infants
A
- learn in the womb, equal language preference if exposed prenatally
- discriminate sounds at the same pace of infants learning one
- code switching
- vocabularies distributed across languages
38
Q
prosody
A
- characteristic rhythm, tempo, cadence, melody, intonational patterns with which a language is spoken
39
Q
categorical perception
A
- perception of speech sounds as belonging to discrete categories
40
Q
distributional properties
A
- certain sounds are more likely to appear together than others
41
Q
babbling
A
- pa, ba, ma
- early phase of language development
42
Q
overextension
A
- overly broad interpretation of the meaning of a word
43
Q
underextension
A
- overly narrow interpretation of the meaning of a word
44
Q
grammar
A
- mastery of regularities of language
- increasing ability to recognize patterns and generalize to novel words
45
Q
over regularization
A
- speech erros
- children treat irregular words as if they were regular
46
Q
concepts
A
- general ideas that organize objects, events, qualities or relations on the basis of some similarity
- helps us understand the world, generalization of prior experiences
47
Q
classical conditioning
unconditional stimulus
A
- naturally and automatically triggers a response without any learning required
- eg food in the mouth causing salivation
48
Q
classical conditioning
unconditional response
A
- automatic unlearned reaction to an unconditional stimulus
- eg salivating when food is in your mouth
49
Q
classical conditioning
conditioned stimulus
A
- previously neutral stimulus after being associated with an unconditional stimulus triggers a conditioned response
- eg, bell with food, salivation when hearing bell
50
Q
classical conditioning
conditioned response
A
- learned response to a conditioned stimulus
- salivation in response to just the bell
51
Q
infant directed speech (IDS)
A
- distinctive speech that adults adopt when talking to babies, used by most cultures
52
Q
telegraphic speech
A
- short utterances that leave out non essential words
53
Q
operant conditioning for infant learning language
A
- not supported, every word would need to be reinforced
54
Q
blicket task
A
- tell infant show me the “blicket”
- mutual exclusivity to look that the “blicket” even though it is a novel object
- context cues on if the caregiver is happy/sad can tell where the “blicket” is
55
Q
rational learning
A
- ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future
